四川藏区精准扶贫实效调查研究

精准扶贫是促进四川藏区社会经济发展的重要举措,是实现社会公平正义的有效路径.本文通过对四川藏区致贫因素、典型贫困案例和扶贫措施的调查研究,肯定了四川藏区精准扶贫宏观策略和精准扶贫工作取得的成绩,分析了四川藏区精准扶贫过程中仍存在的问题,提出了改善四川藏区精准扶贫工作的建议:即政府向社会购买扶贫服务;建立贫困户综合性识别标准;建立"特困户+整体受益"优先模式;谨慎规定贫困户的优先身份;正确处理社会救助和贫困户扶持之间的关系;解决精准扶贫地方性规范自身的合法性问题.     

“三区”“三州”深度贫困地区脱贫奔康与可持续发展研究

运用新经济地理学和新结构经济学的基本框架,分析“三区三州”贫困的特殊性、“三区三州”的禀赋特征对贫困的影响,发现通过提升禀赋结构可实现减贫与可持续发展。具体而言,“三区三州”深度贫困地区不异地搬迁的村组应考虑就地发展,切实提高农村幼儿教育、基础教育与职业教育水平,产业发展中要厘清发展主体、产业选择和发展方式,以及民族文化产业是分散发展还是集聚发展的问题;易地搬迁村组应整村搬迁、集中居住,搬迁与景区建设相结合,与城镇化相结合,与特色小城镇建设相结合,把民族文化融入异地搬迁并实现产业化。在精准扶贫方面,扶贫政策设计要考虑激励相容,实施贫困家庭振兴计划;理解贫困群众行为逻辑,体现精准帮扶的因势利导和顺势而为;完善社会保障/保险,实现分层次的社会救助与保障。     

精准扶贫视角下西藏普及国家通用语言文字存在的问题及对策研究

2018年以来,随着《推普脱贫攻坚行动计划(2018—2020)》的发布,“语言扶贫”逐渐被学界关注,“扶贫先扶智,扶智先通语”成为共识。通过“语言扶贫”,可以最大限度地让普通话与规范汉字在精准扶贫工作中发挥“语言红利”。因此,应该提升农村与少数民族地区普通话普及率,规范汉字使用水平。依据语言调查结果,结合个案研究数据,对西藏国家通用语言文字的使用现状、存在问题进行了描述与分析。从西藏的特殊区情与语言使用情况出发,提出了在西藏普及国家通用语言文字策略,为西藏地区普及国家通用语言文字、提升文化教育素质、推进现实经济发展与文化脱贫提供了有效的建议。     

从脱贫攻坚到乡村振兴的历史性转移 ——基于理论视野和大历史观的认识与思考

民族要复兴,乡村必振兴.“三农”工作重心从脱贫攻坚转向全面乡村振兴,是 我们党深刻把握我国新发展阶段农村发展新特征新要求做出的决策部署.以理论视野和大 历史观深入分析从脱贫攻坚到乡村振兴历史性转移相关问题具有现实的理论实践意义.本 文从脱贫攻坚的理论历史意义、乡村振兴的时代特征、脱贫攻坚和乡村振兴的理论实践逻 辑、乡村振兴理论构建、乡村振兴的历史担当等方面,尝试全面解读实现从脱贫攻坚到乡村 振兴历史性转移的理论、实践、历史逻辑,提出相关思考,旨在为全面推进巩固拓展脱贫攻坚 成果同乡村振兴有效衔接提供参考.     

云南自然保护区生态旅游产业集群与扶贫战略思考

通过分析云南自然保护区的现状、特点,归纳了其已形成的自然优势,进而针对当前自然保护区周边居民贫困的现实,以实现其可持续发展为目标,提出了充分利用这种优势来建立云南自然保护区生态旅游产业集群,以达到扶贫解困的战略思想。     

Thanks for nothing: Income and labor force participation for never-married mothers since 1982

We examine the changing social and economic characteristics of women who give birth out of wedlock. Using Current Population Survey data collected between 1982 and 2002, we find that never-married mothers remain impoverished. Their income growth over these years was modest despite substantial gains in education, employment, and other individual characteristics generally associated with prosperity. These results affirm the ongoing role of family structure in shaping American inequality.     

Extended-family resources and racial inequality in the transition to homeownership

We use longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine how access to financial resources in the extended family affects the accumulation of wealth among non-owners and how these resources subsequently affect transitioning into homeownership. Our findings show that economic conditions of the extended family have substantial effects on non-owners’ wealth accumulation and likelihood of becoming homeowners, even after adjusting for individual sociodemographic and economic characteristics. We find significant effects of extended-family wealth for both black and white households, but effects of extended-family income insufficiency for blacks only. Consequently, limited access to wealth and greater level of poverty in the extended family hamper blacks’ transition to homeownership. Our results show that the level of extended-family wealth necessary for black householders to equalize their likelihood of becoming homeowners with whites is very high. In fact, our findings indicate that white householders embedded in extended families with no net wealth are just as likely to make the transition to ownership as are black householders with affluent extended families. These findings support arguments related to the importance of extended-family resources in processes of residential attainment but also point to important racial differences in not only levels but also consequences of these family resources.     

语言扶贫与普通话技能的减贫效应

语言扶贫是通过提升贫困人口的语言能力来增强其脱贫能力的过程,对解决中国精准扶贫最后一公里难题具有重要的价值。然而,现实中的贫困户,虽然对普通话的需求比较明显,但其拥有的普通话技能却严重不足,这不仅对他们的收入尤其是打工收入有重要影响,还对其脱贫具有显著的作用。因为数据显示,在控制其他变量的情况下,会普通话家庭的年收入比不会普通话家庭显著地增加了60%以上,脱贫率稳健地增加了20%左右。究其原因,普通话技能可以增加贫困户的收入,增强贫困户人力资本与社会资本积累,提高贫困户的信息获取能力、资源利用能力和政策理解能力,能够转变贫困户的思维与认知,后者是他们可持续脱贫的关键。为此,应采取多种举措来提高贫困户的普通话水平。     

Parental Expectations and Educational Outcomes for Young African American Adults: Do Household Assets Matter?

African American children are more likely to be poor and live in households that are “asset poor,” with no or very little net worth. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and its Child Development Supplement, this article explores whether living in a household with net worth above the sample median seems to promote educational success and the development of human capital over time, irrespective of income. Controlling for parental income and education, as well as gender, household wealth in the form of net worth was the best predictor of parental expectations, high school completion, and college enrollment for young African American adults. A brief discussion of possible asset-building policy options follows.     

Women and poverty: A gender-sensitive approach

Poverty is not a gender neutral condition as the number of poor women exceeds that concerning men and women and men experience poverty in distinctive ways. This paper discusses the relevance of incorporating a gender perspective in poverty studies and provides a portrait of poverty among women in Portugal. Following a multidimensional concept of poverty, the methodology used comprises a cross-sectional and a dynamic analysis of poverty, using data from ECHP (1995–2001). The results point to the importance of various factors contributing to women's vulnerability to poverty, such as issues related to labor market, lone motherhood, ageing and education.