论习近平精准扶贫思想对教育精准扶贫实践的指导

教育扶贫实践没有达到预期成效,主要问题是：对教育精准扶贫的认识不到位,教育理念偏离教育本原、“内卷化”严重,职业教育整体水平较低、对接市场需求不充分。以习近平精准扶贫思想为指导,针对教育扶贫实践中存在的问题,通过数学建模,分析个人收入与受教育程度的正相关性,得出了教育扶贫是富国富人也富自己的增量逻辑的结论;提出了对农村教育贫困人口实施全面帮扶、改变“离农”观念回归教育本原、转变只以学习成绩“论英雄”的评价方法,对接市场需求、规范产教融合、提升农村贫困人口职业发展能力、加强职业教育能力建设以提高教育精准扶贫实效等对策和建议。     

政策张力、公平观念与扶贫工作的合理性

目前精准扶贫已经成为我们党和政府的核心工作。通过调查发现,精准扶贫工作的合理性正在村域范围遭遇到严峻的挑战。公共政策差异化的利益对象和政策非连续性容易导致公共政策间张力的出现。当公共政策间出现张力时,人们就会对政策本身的合理性产生质疑,尤其是政策张力与政策断裂相叠加的情况下,更是如此。政策张力带来了对村庄原有公平观念的冲击,最终导致了人们对精准扶贫工作合理性的质疑,这种质疑带来了多方面的负面效应。精准扶贫工作要取得更大成效,需要平衡好不同主体的相关利益,同时也要做好不同政策的衔接工作,注重公共政策合理性资源的积累。     

供销合作社推动农村集体经济发展的机制和路径

供销合作社推动农村集体经济发展是政府推动、市场驱动和供销合作社与农村集体经济组织 协同发展的结果,通过服务带动、联合农村集体经济组织入股组建市场主体、承接政府扶持集体经济发展 专项资金、捐赠帮扶等路径,实现了农村集体经济发展、农民增收致富和供销合作事业发展的多方共赢。 在全面实施乡村振兴战略过程中,建议政府将供销合作社与农村集体经济组织协同发展作为壮大农村集 体经济的一项重要举措纳入“三农”工作总体布局,各级供销合作社要积极探索多种方式推动农村集体 经济发展,农村集体经济组织要积极主动与供销合作社建立合作关系并构建稳定的利益联结机制,共同 推动农村集体经济发展。     

水库移民社区发展中的精准扶贫：从形式合理性到实质合理性

在既有的水库移民社区开发性扶贫过程中，从数字或材料上来看，扶贫开发的各个环节都符合政策规定，扶贫工作取得了重要成绩，形式上较为完美。然而基层实践的种种迹象表明，这种形式上的合理性并不能使水库贫困移民真正获取所需的扶贫资源，贫困移民的自我发展能力并没有得到很大提升；或许在短时间、高强度的政策扶贫下，贫困移民能够暂时摆脱贫困，但长期来看仍存在返贫风险。要使贫困移民真正摆脱贫困，关键在于提升贫困移民的自我发展能力。因此，需要改变以往过于追求形式合理性的常态，通过精准扶贫使水库移民扶贫政策真正落到实处，借助移民社区的发展带动贫困移民脱贫解困，实现水库移民社区发展中扶贫工作由形式合理向实质合理的转变，即通过政策的改进，防止移民精英享有特权、占据资源，使扶贫资源能够真正促进水库移民社区的发展，从而带动并帮助贫困移民在社区发展中提升自我发展能力，彻底摆脱贫困。     

Has the Targeted Poverty Alleviation program improved household welfare in rural China?

China's government launched the Targeted Poverty Alleviation (TPA) program in 2015 as a part of a multipronged framework to lift every Chinese above the national poverty line by 2020. This study is devoted to examining the effects of the TPA program on household welfare indicators. To this end, the China Family Panel Studies data for the period 2010–2018 are analyzed. The propensity score matching and difference-in-difference (PSM-DID) method is employed to address the sample selection bias and endogeneity inherent in program participation. The results show that TPA program participants earn significantly higher incomes than non-participants. However, the program's effect on consumption expenditure is insignificant, suggesting that the program has contributed to lifting people out of poverty mainly by increasing incomes. Furthermore, even though the program seeks to deliver precisely targeted interventions, it is more effective in some regions than in others. Removing regional disparities is an area of opportunity for improving the efficacy of the TPA program.     

Poverty,exclusion and child protection practice: the contribution of ‘the politics of recognition&respect’

The affective dimensions of poverty, including the impact of wider policy discourses and services that ‘other’ and shame people in poverty, are increasingly recognized. In response, Lister [(2013). Power, not Pity: Poverty and Human Rights. Ethics and Social Welfare, 7(2), 109–123] advocates for ‘a politics of recognition&respect’ that centralizes the voices, participation and lived experiences of those who live in poverty. This paper considers how applying Lister’s theory could improve child protection (CP) social work in England, from a human rights and social justice perspective. The paper draws on findings from an ATD Fourth World participatory research project aimed at updating the course content for a pre-existing social worker training module on poverty awareness. The project brings together families with experience of poverty and CP interventions, social work practitioners and academics.     

From tackling poverty to achieving financial inclusion—The changing role of British credit unions in low income communities

This paper offers an analysis of the changing role of co-operative credit unions in tackling poverty and promoting financial inclusion in Britain. It examines the reality of poverty in low income communities and endeavours to critique the actions, methodologies and initiatives currently being adopted by credit unions to achieve financial inclusion. It examines the role of the UK government in its support for credit unions and offers an early analysis of HM Treasury's Financial Inclusion Fund. The paper argues that credit unions are best placed within the financial services industry to make an impact within financially excluded communities.     

Building national M&E systems in the context of changing aid modalities: The underexplored potential of National Evaluation Societies

Changes in the aid architecture have provided a renewed impetus for monitoring and evaluation (M&E), while simultaneously imposing a major reform agenda on the key players involved. More specifically, since 1999, aid-dependent countries have been facing pressure to strengthen their national M&E systems, while donors have been asked to refrain from using their own parallel systems and to rely instead on country systems. Surprisingly, attempts to strengthen national M&E frameworks have thus far largely overlooked the potential of national evaluation societies (NES). Similarly, NES have also remained off the academic radar. Our study aims to fill this gap by mapping key features of NES, as well as their perceived contributions to country-led M&E. In this effort, we rely upon evidence from our survey of 23 NES in Sub-Saharan African countries with Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PSRP). Our findings show that there is quite some diversity among NES. Overall, NES are active organisations, whose unique membership features a wide variety of national M&E stakeholders who potentially play key roles in country-led and localised M&E development. Major obstacles faced by NES include the lack of financial resources, donor support and political influence. Survey findings also demonstrate that the increasing interest of donors and governments in NES has yet to materialise into strategic support.     

Exploring the experiences and dynamics of an unconditional cash transfer for low-income mothers: A mixed-methods study

ABSTRACT

Little is understood about how an unconditional cash transfer might operate and affect behavior among low-income parents of infants in the United States. We investigate these questions using data from a random-assignment pilot study (N?=?30) in which unconditional cash transfers were distributed monthly on debit cards to two groups of low-income parents in New York City during the first 12 months of their newborns’ lives. Mothers were randomized to receive either $100 per month or $20 per month. Mothers distinguished spending the cash transfer on essentials vs. extras, such as going out to dinner with family. The monthly cash transfer “tided them over,” even at the lower amount of $20, especially when income from other sources ran short at the end of the month. Some mothers reported saving money for unexpected expenses.     

燕山—太行山集中连片特困地区财政扶贫支出效率评价——以河北省22个县区为例

燕山—太行山集中连片特困地区(以下简称“燕太片区”)是中国扶贫攻坚主战场之一,研究此地区财政扶贫支出的效率问题,对于提高片区及中国财政扶贫资金效率具有重要意义。通过选取河北省燕太片区22个县区作为研究对象,运用DEA-BCC模型和Malmquist指数进行静态效率分析和动态效率分析,发现各县区间效率差异较大,部分县区存在效率改进空间;运用Tobit回归模型对河北省燕太片区财政扶贫支出效率进行影响因素分析,发现第三产业占比、城镇化率、财政收入和经济发展水平同财政扶贫支出效率呈显著正相关,并从强化财政扶贫资金监管、优化财政扶贫支出结构以及财政扶贫长效机制构建等方面提出相应的政策建议。