简析扶贫叙事的启蒙意识

扶贫叙事往往将扶贫失败的原因归结为农民的愚昧,提出教育农民的问题,但细读作品不难发现,扶贫悖论固然反映出农民思想的愚昧,但也与扶贫者的扶贫方式乃至扶贫过程中的功利思想密不可分。扶贫过程中,乡村权力的干预更使扶贫呈现出复杂的态势。挟贫叙事通过权力、功利等思想对扶贫的干扰表现出农民科学意识形成的艰难,也显示出知识者与农民-e．．N的隔膜,暴露出知识分子的话语霸权,也质疑了知识分子的启蒙意识。     

Who Wants to Redistribute? An Analysis of 14 Post‐Soviet Nations

We investigate population groups' attitude regarding inequality reduction in post‐Soviet transitional countries of the Baltic, Central Asia and the Caucasus, as well as the Slavic countries and Moldova. Empirical evidence presented in this article demonstrates that despite skyrocketing inequality, erosion of social provisions and efforts to introduce an individualistic market economy ideology during the last 15 years, overall support for redistribution and welfare state efforts to counterbalance rising inequality remained strongly legitimized among citizens in all post‐Soviet countries. Nevertheless, there are differences between population groups in attitude: the older, the less educated, the poor and women express more support for redistribution; while the younger, the better educated, the rich and men tend to not support redistribution. Populations in transitional countries of the Caucasus and Central Asia that face higher inequality and less effective redistribution policies expressed a strong desire for more redistribution and more active social welfare policies.     

“Are We Doing Fine?” The Views on Poverty Reduction Strategies Among Front-Line Workers in the Field of Social Assistance in Turkey

ABSTRACT

This research highlights the views of front-line workers in the social assistance system in Turkey about the strategies of poverty reduction and the effectiveness of the assistance given by Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundations (SASFs) to the poor. The data were gathered from 33 employees from the 8 SASF offices in Ankara, Turkey. The results show that the majority of the participants agree with governmental efforts to create employment opportunities as the most important method. Although the participants felt the services they provided were effective at the individual and family level, they thought such services were extremely insufficient in terms of poverty reduction on a macro scale. The findings were discussed within the framework of the changing nature of poverty and the recent agenda on poverty reduction in Turkey. Future research based upon larger samples from different parties in the field of social assistance is needed to fully determine the positions taken by the agents.     

Europeanization of Social Inclusion Policy in Macedonia – Trends,Challenges and Potential Benefits

The article explores policies, trends and challenges related to social inclusion in Macedonia, and assesses the contribution of EU strategic frameworks and instruments towards the country's greater inclusive growth. In this respect, the article starts by exploring existing instruments for pre‐accession (IPAs) which are relevant for the achievement of the EU 2020 goals. Then the article offers a country analysis related to issues such as poverty, material deprivation, as well as exclusion from the labour market, accompanied by an overview of policies and measures undertaken by the current government in the respective domains. Unfavourable socio‐economic trends, such as undeclared work, jobless growth, high unemployment and poverty rates, present serious challenges to the creation of an effective social inclusion policy. On the other hand, the ‘delayed’ negotiation process with the EU, which in social policy results in a lack of Joint Inclusion Memorandum (JIM) and Joint Assessment Paper (JAP) processes even after seven years of candidate status, slows down the adoption of more strategic policy approach towards sensitive issues, such as social inclusion and anti‐discrimination. The main aim of the article is to assess whether there is a significant difference between current social inclusion policies, measures, indicators and trends with the similar EU standards and practices. In addition, the article explores the potential benefits of the process of Europeanization for Macedonian social inclusion policy.     

生态资源富足区生态扶贫与农业产业化扶贫耦合研究

我国存在许多生态资源丰富的国家级贫困地区,如何有效利用富足的生态资源实施农业产业化扶贫,对于该地区的反贫困意义重大。在分析了生态扶贫与农业产业化扶贫各自优劣势的基础上得出了生态资源富足区生态建设与农业产业化耦合扶贫的理论,并构建了耦合模型,最后通过模型分析提出了分阶段、有重点的扶贫才能取得扶贫最佳效果的观点。     

中国数字鸿沟与贫困问题研究

运用向量自回归(VAR)和格兰杰因果关系检验了中国数字鸿沟导致经济发展落后地区贫困固化问题,进一步揭示出在信息社会,数字鸿沟与贫困形成了一条因果链,因此有必要把消除数字鸿沟作为脱贫的首要措施。此外,在借鉴国外经验的基础上,提出了消除我国数字鸿沟的宏观对策思路。     

贫困人口问题治理思路探析——以四川省茂县为例

四川省茂县是全国最大的羌族聚居区,地处龙门后山断裂带和汶川地震核心区,具有特殊的自然、人文特征和复杂的贫困人口问题,典型性很强。解决好当地的贫困人口问题,对全国所有生态脆弱区、民族文化区贫困人口问题的治理具有重要借鉴意义。通过对茂县案例的初步研究,可以得出这样的结论:生态脆弱区和民族文化区在开发式扶贫中,必须注重开发和保护的平衡,开发重点是当地基础设施的建设、自然资源的科学利用和贫困人口自身发展能力的提升。此外,还应避免将扶贫和地区开发混同。     

Measuring poverty and inequality in northern Canada

We provide the first direct comparisons of poverty and inequality in the North (i.e. Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut) with elsewhere in Canada. We do so by first constructing a northern equivalence scale. Based on an Engel methodology, we estimate the extra income needed by families in the North to devote the same share to necessities as those in southern Canada. Using econometric techniques and public use microdata from the Survey of Household Spending, we find that cost of living is 1.46 times higher in the North. We use this scale to adjust the incomes of northern residents so that purchasing power is, for the purposes of our model, equal to that in the South. We subsequently measure poverty and inequality in northern versus southern Canada over the period 1997–2009. Our findings indicate that incidence of poverty is much higher in the North. For example, 31.1% of northern families with children are poor, compared with 9.9% in the South. Moreover, while approximately 10% of the southern population is represented in each income decile, 31.1% of northern families with children are in the bottom 10%. Only 3% have incomes that would place them among the richest 10% of Canadians.     

电子商务与信息扶贫:互联网时代 扶贫工作的新特点

通过论述近年我国电子商务发展主流化的趋势,尤其在县域电子商务和涉农电子商务发展迅速的背景下扶贫工作所具有的新特点,即以信息扶贫为代表的电子商务助力扶贫工作的新型扶贫方式被更多的区域和主体所采用。鉴于此,主管部门应该把信息扶贫纳入到国家扶贫工作体系中,各地应发挥好电子商务在产业引导和金融扶贫方面的积极作用,同时还需要夯实与电子商务扶贫相关的基础设施。     

Beginning street life: Factors contributing to children working and living on the streets of Khartoum, Sudan

Understanding why some children work on the streets while others live there, and how causal factors differ by gender, is important in developing effective services for them. This study examined these questions in Sudan using participant observation, qualitative interviews, and surveys of working boys (n = 1025), working girls (n = 192), street boys (n = 397), and street girls (n = 35). Street children were less likely than working children to have local families (66% and 77%, p < 0.001), and more likely to have experienced some prior hardships, e.g. a mother's death (17% and 10%, p < 0.001), or coming from the war-torn south (30% and 10%, p < 0.001). 70% of street children and 10% of working children had abused (i.e. sniffed and sucked) glue (p < 0.001); initiating glue abuse often coincided with a transition from working to living on the streets. Within groups, conditions ‘pushing’ girls to street life were often harsher than for boys. For working girls, these included death of both parents (10% and 3%, p < 0.001), and/or insufficient food at home (59% and 43%, p < 0.001). For street girls, they included having a homeless family (23% and 9%, p = 0.019), and/or insufficient food at home (63% and 40%, p = 0.008), but street girls also more often reported boredom at home (80% and 48%, p < 0.001). Services should be tailored to the particular needs of each group by gender, including community-based prevention, street-based health and safety interventions, and street child counseling and re-integration programs.