创新、信息与国家的贫困

发展中国家的持续发展是通过市场和组织的不断改进而实现的。企业家创新仿佛生物学上的“突变”,无法事先预知,却能事后被理解。之所以无法预知,是因为开始时创新者总是拥有私人信息,只有如此,他才能获得超额利润。之所以能事后被理解,是因为最后公众都会知晓这些创新,而创新的利润率也会渐趋于平均回报率。创新的这些特点,对旨在促进增长的法律和政策制订大有启发。特别是,政府官员不可能依赖公共信息来预测哪些公司或产业将获得快速增长。因此,旨在促进增长的产业政策也未必能获成功。产业政策的支持者们,犯了和历史上的重商主义者们同样的错误,他们的经济干预政策曾被亚当·斯密批评为国家贫困的根源之一。相反地,对财产和契约权利的保护,以及有效的商法(特别是那些规范金融市场的法律),创造了竞争的条件,自然地促进了企业家的创新,而国家也会因之富裕起来。     

关于带动北京周边贫困地区发展问题研究

在北京周边地区存在着一条贫困发生率高、经济结构水平低、发展效率低的环京贫困带。在分析该贫困地区的发展现状、形成原因及其对北京经济社会发展影响的基础上,本文提出了带动这一地区发展的基本思想、指导原则和政策建议,并进一步探讨了“十一五”期间北京在这一方面的具体措施。     

制乏刺激论，人类具有内在语言机制的有力论证

介绍了缺乏刺激论及毕科顿 (Bickerton)的语言生物程序假说和高顿迈都 (Goldin Meadow)等对失聪儿童语言发展的研究 ,进一步论证了人类具有内在语言机制 ,这一论证对儿童习得母语及非课堂条件下的第二语言学习会有一定的启发。     

陕西社区主导型扶贫开发运行模式分析

中国的反贫困在实践中摸索出了多种有效的运行模式。社区主导型扶贫开发是一种新型农村基层社区的上下合作式反贫困运行模式。该模式通过将资源决策权、控制权交给社区,增强了民众对政府的信任,提高了社区的自我组织和自我发展能力,增强了基层组织的民主意识和民主氛围,但是也面临着贫困瞄准、项目实施过程中的监测和社区主导型可持续性发展等问题。     

干旱区农业开发与生态贫困关系及对策研究

生态贫困是经济贫困与生态恶化相互交织,相互促进的一个现象。新疆阿合奇县是典型的生态贫困区。通过对阿合奇县农户问卷调查,比较分析环境库兹涅茨曲线与生态贫困区经济环境曲线,文中提出要改变生态贫困,就要促使农业文明向生态文明转变,走农业开发与生态协调发展之路,以科技进步促进生态贫困良性发展。     

Reference group consumption and the subjective wellbeing of the poor in Peru

This paper studies the relationship between the consumption of the reference group and people’s subjective wellbeing in seven poor Peruvian communities. It presents an empirical analysis of the importance of relative consumption for people’s feelings of adequacy in five consumption domains (food, housing, education, clothes and health care). Against the assumption that relative consumption only matters for the rich and drawing on recent empirical work in Latin America, the study hypothesises that participants are likely to be influenced by the level of consumption of the area where they live when evaluating their situation. The data come from two surveys implemented in 2004 and 2005 in Peru by the Wellbeing in Developing Countries (WeD), ESRC research group at the University of Bath. The results indicate a negative effect of relative consumption on participants’ appraisal of their households’ clothes, housing and children’s education. However, the study also shows that in domains linked to the need for physical health such as health care and food, appraisals are made based on households’ objective situations and that the average consumption in the community does not play a significant role.     

Mitigating the effect of family poverty on academic and behavioral outcomes: The role of school climate in middle and high school

The persistent achievement gap between students from poor families and their peers calls for research that examines risk factors associated with poverty and strategies for promoting resilience. Research demonstrates the impact of school climate on behavior and academic achievement, especially in high-poverty schools. The present study examines associations between family poverty, social supports, students' perceptions of school climate, behavior, and grades. Poverty is associated with poor grades and behavior, while positive perceptions of school climate are associated with positive grades and behavior. Perceptions of school climate moderate the association between poverty and behavior, such that students from poor families who perceive a positive school climate exhibit similar behaviors to their peers from higher income families. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed.     

(Un)caring communities: Processes of marginalisation and access to formal and informal care and assistance in rural Russia

The marginality of rural life, understood in structural, economic, political and geographic terms, has been an underlying theme in both historical and contemporary studies of the Russian countryside. Much less attention has been paid to marginality as relational and the moral discourses of (un)belonging and (un)deservingness through which moral centres and peripheries are constructed within rural Russian contexts. This paper explores the ways in which both fixed, structural and constructed, personalised explanations of hardship are employed by rural people and how these relate to processes of integration into or exclusion from ‘caring’ and ‘moral’ communities. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Burla village, western Siberia, in 2008-10, and focusing primarily on the activities of the Centre for Social Assistance to Families and Children located there, the paper discusses the ways in which affiliation with the ‘moral centre’ facilitates access to both formal and informal forms of care and assistance from which those at the ‘moral periphery’ are more often excluded.     

农村教育领域的性别不平等与贫困

中国农村教育领域的性别不平等主要表现在对子女教育期望的性别差异、学校设置性别意识的缺失、家庭教育资源分配的性别差异、男女生受教育年限的差异等方面。传统的观念、传统劳动分工模式和社会安全保障体系的缺乏等因素影响了农村教育的性别模式,贫困也是影响教育性别不平等的重要因素。中国贫困农村的农户由于多种生计资本供给不足,而呈现出非常典型的男孩优先的教育模式,从而导致妇女陷入多元贫困状态。