农村产业化项目扶贫运作逻辑与机制的完善

产业化项目扶贫是当前中国农村扶贫、减贫与促进贫困地区乡村社会建设与社会发展的主要方式。产业项目扶贫运作逻辑受上级政府、基层政府和农民群体三个行为主体利益博弈的影响与塑造。这一运作模式存在一些缺陷,如项目立项与运行受到领导人意志支配,缺乏规范的议程,带有很强的随意性;基层扶贫工作人员和项目实施各单位之间缺乏有效配合;各利益群体之间的关系联结出现断裂;产业化扶贫政策及其运行脱离地方实践和贫困群体的实际需求,导致国家意志和贫困群体的主体性需求难以实现。要使当前的产业扶贫真正惠及穷人,既要打破自上而下的科层制权力关系结构,尊重和重建广大基层组织与贫困群体的主体性地位,又要加强各部门之间的协助,形成各利益主体之间的有效连接,重视社会工作者的参与,推动扶贫工作由单一的行政主体运作向多方参与的社会化运作机制的转变。     

参与性贫困评估和扶贫战略的调整:来自贫困者的声音

作者通过对广西、云南、贵州、青海和宁夏五省区50多个村进行参与性贫困评估，从贫困者自身的角度，对什么是贫困、谁是贫困者、什么时候最贫困、导致贫困的原因以及如何使其尽快摆脱贫困等问题作了深入分析。在此基础上，对完善我国的扶贫政策和策略提出了自己的看法。     

试论扶贫攻坚工作与云南小康社会建设

全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标,对云南这样一个底子薄弱的省份,困难还比较多。加大扶贫攻坚力度,加快小城镇建设、发展非公有制经济是目前最主要、最有效的途径。     

我国人口较少民族的贫困与扶贫开发

由于社会历史、地理条件和资源环境等方面的原因,中国人口较少民族地区至今存在着不同程度的贫困问题。如何缓解和消除这些弱小民族的贫困问题将是中国政府21世纪反贫困行动的重要议题。作者描述了中国人口较少民族的贫困状况,分析了其贫困的原因,提出了扶贫开发的政策建议。     

Poverty and Social Policy in Latin America

Most indicators of human development in Latin America improved considerably until the early 1980s. Unfortunately, the debt crisis which hit most countries in the region during the 1980s badly dented the social record. Not only did it increase the number of people living in poverty but it led to a profound change in the nature of the development model. Neo-liberal economic thought and the lessons of the debt crisis convinced one Latin American state after another that it should follow a different development path.
Economic stabilization and structural adjustment had a profound effect on poverty in the region. Most families became poorer, particularly those living in the cities. Structural adjustment and the new economic model also modified the role of the state. Increasingly, Latin American governments stopped giving general subsidies and introduced a strategy of targeting subsidies at the poor. In places, the new strategy will no doubt provide an adequate safety net, but in others it will fail to provide sufficient help for the poor. All we can predict is that poverty will long remain regrettably common in most parts of Latin America. In places, economic growth will undoutedly reduce poverty but it is not at all easy to predict where it will be reduced. In this respect Latin America is very much like the rest of the world. Globalization has opened up local economies to international competition and offered them the prospect of selling local goods to foreign markets. How many Latin American economies will benefit from the new situation will determine how the poor will fare. Unfortunately, the state's ability to deal with any subsequent poverty has been greatly reduced. That, too, is part and parcel of the process of globalization.     

基于产业示范站的科技扶贫模式及其减贫效应

探索促进区域经济增长和贫困人口减贫相结合的科技扶贫模式,是我国目前精准扶贫战略实施的重点。以西北农林科技大学产业示范站科技扶贫模式为例,从理论层面分析了其减贫机制,并运用陕西省3个国家扶贫开发重点县748份微观农户调研数据,实证检验了科技扶贫的减贫效应。研究发现:(1)产业示范站科技扶贫模式具有显著减贫效应,即农户通过参与农业科技培训、主导产业示范、农业信息服务和产业组织化带动4种扶贫方式,不仅能提高其家庭农业收入,也能降低家庭贫困发生的概率;(2)不同科技扶贫方式的减贫效应存在显著差异,其中农业科技培训的减贫效应较为突出,而农业信息服务的减贫效应有待进一步提升;(3)建档立卡贫困户科技扶贫参与度低于非贫困户。因此,地方政府应加大财政支持与组织保障的力度,引导高校优势科技资源与贫困地区特色产业精准对接,借鉴“西农模式”为深入推进区域精准扶贫战略提供科技支撑。     

Poverty, Social Exclusion and the Politics of Disability: Care as a Social Good and the Expenditure of Social Capital in Chuadanga, Bangladesh

People labelled with disabilities in Chuadanga, Bangladesh, are denied equitable access to social networks and formal services. In terms both of funding future formal service programmes and of designing community‐based outreach programmes, this lack of access is not a simple reflection of one's impairment but a facet of the social exclusion and stigma that is culturally ascribed to disability in Chuadanga. We utilize a social model to focus on the cultural processes initiated by the onset of illness or impairment. Our participants are drawn from four types of diagnosed disability: blindness, orthopaedic impairment, hearing impairment and mental disorder. Although this inquiry is in line with Daly's focus on how future spending on formal services to promote care and equity in Europe can be helped by searching out information that is often ignored, the particular focus of this study is Chuadanga and the research questions incorporate a disability studies perspective. The authors consider care as a social good and an expenditure of social capital, in reviewing findings from a recent empirical study of disability and employment in the Bangladesh district of Chuadanga. Regardless of disability, poverty can be a morally and socially devastating ordeal. However, the authors conclude that the added loss of social solidarity and equitable access, due to the social exclusion and stigma of disability for the families concerned, make it statistically far less likely that they will access formal services or be able to escape poverty.     

A Dynamic Latent Model for Poverty Measurement

The main purpose of this paper is the longitudinal analysis of the poverty phenomenon. By interpreting poverty as a latent variable, we are able to resort to the statistical methodology developed for latent structure analysis. In particular, we propose to use the mixture latent Markov model which allows us to achieve two goals: (i) a time-invariant classification of households into homogenous groups, representing different levels of poverty; (ii) the dynamic analysis of the poverty phenomenon which highlights the distinction between transitory and permanent poverty situations. Furthermore, we exploit the flexibility provided by the model in order to achieve the measurement of poverty in a multidisciplinary framework, using several socio-economic indicators as covariates and identifying the main relevant factors which influence permanent and transitory poverty. The analysis of the longitudinal data of the Survey on Households Income and Wealth of the Bank of Italy provides the identification of two groups of households which are characterized by different dynamic features. Moreover, the inclusion of socio-economic covariates such as level of education, employment status, geographical area and residence size of the household head shows a direct association with permanent poverty.     

Remittances,financial development and poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for post-COVID-19 macroeconomic policies

To design and implement effective post-COVID-19 macroeconomics policies to tackle poverty in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), policymakers need to understand the factors shaping poverty in the region. This paper investigates the effect of international remittances and financial development on poverty alleviation in 44 sub-Saharan African SSA countries from 2010 to 2019. The instrumental variable generalised method of moment technique results indicated that while remittances increase poverty, financial development contributes significantly to poverty reduction. The results consistently revealed that remittances increase both male and female poverty rates, while financial development significantly reduces male and female poverty rates. Other factors such as economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade openness contributed significantly to reducing poverty. In contrast, government expenditure and foreign aid were found to increase poverty rate in SSA. These results are robust to the Lewbel two-stage least squares estimator. The practical implications of these findings for post-COVID-19 macroeconomic policies in SSA are discussed.     

金融发展、城镇化与贫困减缓--基于系统GMM的估计

采用1978-2010年中国省际面板数据,运用系统GMM估计对金融发展（金融规模和金融效率）、城镇化与贫困减缓的关系进行经验检验。研究结果表明：城镇化与贫困减缓均具有时间的积累和持续性;金融发展与城镇化、贫困减缓具有显著的正相关关系,随着经济的增长变化,金融发展能够显著提高城镇化进程,进而促进贫困减缓。与金融规模相比较,金融效率的城镇化和贫困减缓效应偏小。