扶贫专项资金绩效审计优化探究

：我国脱贫攻坚战已近收官，扶贫专项资金落到实处并发挥最大效用，有赖于加强扶贫专项资金绩效审计。而目前扶贫资金绩效审计工作中，多存在重视程度较低、审计技术落后、审计力量薄弱和绩效评价体系不健全等问题。解决这些问题，就要加强扶贫资金绩效审计工作，健全相关法律政策体系，以信息化创新审计技术，培训审计人员复合性审计技能，建立健全绩效审计评价体系。     

论西部贫困文化

西部贫困文化是一个建构在西部贫困区域民众的生活现状和国内外研究贫困文化的学者的大量论述基础之上的并不十分严密的概念。其实质是对西部贫困区域内人们生活方式的一种文化解读。在解读和剖析该概念的过程中,我们不难发现:西部贫困文化不等于落后文化;它是“原始性”和“制度性”综合作用的结果,其现状往往表现为“文化失范”;西部贫困文化是可变的,在全球化背景下,必然会溶入文化现代化的潮流。针对这些特点,我们一方面应在经济扶贫时关注文化扶贫,力争把文化的民族性与时代性结合起来,构建出适合西部社会发展的“规范的”文化模式。另一方面,要在西部开发中汲取西部贫困文化中的优秀成分,博采众长,努力与市场经济接轨,避免这一文化走向封闭、淘汰或西化的困境。     

水库移民贫困成因与反贫困策略： 基于文献的讨论

水库移民贫困威胁社会的稳定与发展 , 尤其是介入性贫困 , 它是诱发社会矛盾与冲突的导 火索 。 文章系统梳理了水库移民贫困成因及反贫困策略的相关研究 , 认为水库移民生计遭到破坏 、 贫困移民的文化贫困和观念落后 、“ 以失定补 ” 补偿方式的局限 、 水库移民存在权利贫困等是水库 移民贫困的主要成因 , 政府部门 、 水库移民社区 、 水库移民自身以及其他社会资源的有效配合可以 缓解水库移民贫困 。 但既有研究对如何精准化扶持贫困移民研究较少 , 鲜见将水库移民社区发展 与扶贫结合起来 、 水库移民社区社会关系网络对精准识别移民贫困户以及水库移民社区发展对减 贫作用等方面的研究 。 未来研究应更多地探讨水库移民社区发展 、 水库移民自身能力发展 、 非营利 性组织等其他社会资源对水库移民减贫的作用 , 特别是探讨政府部门如何解决已安置的水库移民 的贫困问题 、 如何完善水库移民补偿与征地政策以及如何实现在水库移民搬迁安置时就能够解决 贫困问题 , 使 “ 介入性贫困 ” 不发生或尽量减少 。     

Metropolitan influences on migration into poor and nonpoor neighborhoods

Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and three decennial US censuses are used to examine the influence of metropolitan-area characteristics on black and white households’ propensity to move into poor versus nonpoor neighborhoods. We find that a nontrivial portion of the variance in the odds of moving to a poor rather to a nonpoor neighborhood exists between metropolitan areas. Net of established individual-level predictors of inter-neighborhood migration, black and white households are more likely to move to a poor or extremely poor tract rather than to a nonpoor tract in metropolitan areas containing many poor neighborhoods and a paucity of recently-built housing in nonpoor areas. Blacks are especially likely to move to a poor tract in metropolitan areas characterized by high levels of racial residential segregation and in which poor tracts have a sizeable concentration of blacks. White households are more likely to move to a poor than to a nonpoor tract in metropolitan areas that have comparatively few African Americans.     

Rural poverty and disability in Ethiopia: Formidable policy challenges

Our study aims to deepen our understanding of the links between rural poverty and disability in Ethiopia. We use panel data for Ethiopia to illustrate these linkages, using rigorous econometric methodology. The 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) explicitly recognise disability as a major impediment to elimination of poverty and hunger. In the current development discourse, disability has thus acquired high priority. Since disability is neither a purely medical nor a social phenomenon but an outcome of their interplay, the policy challenges are formidable.     

Agricultural economic reforms,gender inequality and poverty in Senegal

In Senegal, as in many developing countries, the agricultural sector plays a key role in the economy. In addition to supplying food, agriculture is the most important source of employment, especially for women. Through the Plan for an Emerging Senegal (PES), the Senegalese government is implementing an ambitious financing plan to improve the productivity of the agricultural sector and enhance employment opportunities for women. Our study assesses the impact of two PES measures (investment subsidies and an increase in production subsidies for the agricultural sectors) on economic growth, women's employment, poverty and inequality using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model linked to a microsimulation model. The results show that both policies have generally positive effects in reducing poverty and gender inequalities. However, investment subsidies in the agricultural sectors have stronger impacts in reducing gender inequality and poverty in the long term.     

农民脱贫进程中面临的困境及路径重塑--以连片贫困地区甘肃定西为例

解决中国西部连片贫困地区甘肃定西农民的脱贫问题,对于实现我国经济社会全面协调发展,构建社会主义和谐社会均具有重大意义。然而,绝对贫困人口数量多,农业产业化水平低,贫困分布面广且地域差异大,农民文化、技能素质底下等制约定西农民脱贫的因素并没有彻底消除,农民脱贫面临着诸多困难。因此,本文在实地调查和文献分析的基础上,针对以往政府主导下的输血式脱贫模式的弊端,从发展区域经济,建立政府主导和市场运行有机结合的反贫困机制,发挥党的领导与农民首创参与的积极作用,提高农民人力资本素质等层面出发重塑定西农民脱贫的新路径。     

Lone Parents and Civil Law: Their Experience of Problems and Their Advice-seeking Behaviour

The percentage of dependent children living in lone‐parent families has more than tripled in Britain over the last 30 years. Though there is much diversity within this lone‐parent population, there are common experiences and characteristics. Lone‐parent families tend to be headed by women, to be poor, on benefits and experience problems with ill health and disability. This paper examines lone parenthood in the context of the experience of justiciable problems (problems for which there is a potential legal remedy), drawing upon a large‐scale survey of 5,611 people representative of the population of England and Wales. The survey included 223 lone parents, who were likely to be female, to be living in rented accommodation, to be on a low income, to be economically inactive and to be in receipt of benefits. Lone parents were significantly more likely than others to have experienced a justiciable problem. Lone parents sought advice for their problems more often than others, particularly from solicitors, even after controlling for problems experienced. Lone parents were more likely than others to receive legal‐aid funding. Lastly, lone parents found trying to resolve problems particularly stressful, though they tended to believe that their life had improved as a consequence of doing so.     

The Changing Pattern of Wage Returns to Education and its Implications

It is commonly believed that labour‐market returns to education are highest for the primary level of education and lower for subsequent levels. Recent evidence reviewed in this article suggests that the pattern is changing. The causes of such changes, and their implications for both education and labour‐market policy, are explored.     

Demand‐Side Challenges to Poverty Monitoring and Assessment Systems: Illustrations from Tanzania

Over the past decade, considerable attention and resources have been directed at Poverty Monitoring and Assessment Systems (PMASs), a core problem being the limited demand for, and use of, the data they generate. This article discusses the sources of these demand‐side problems and explores the difficulties in trying to address them via PMAS‐related processes, arguing that both institutional factors and design features have contributed to the disappointing performance of these systems. Incentive structures within the public sector in particular have made for an extremely unfavourable environment, and institutional problems have been compounded by questionable design features resulting from faulty analysis, flawed assumptions and conflicting views as to the objectives of ‘poverty monitoring’. Tanzania's PMAS experience is used to illustrate the argument.