航空产品责任诉讼初探——以美国立法与司法实践为视角

发生空难后,航空产品责任诉讼是受伤害旅客获得高额赔偿的重要途径,美国是航空产品责任诉讼的集中地,有着丰富的司法实践经验和较为完备的法律规定。航空产品责任诉讼的责任主体主要是航空产品制造商和航空器出租人,要使其承担产品责任,必须证明航空器存在设计、制造或警示说明缺陷。同时,美国法院常常会在航空产品责任诉讼中应用不方便法院原则,从私人利益和公共利益因素两方面进行考察,判断法院是否对案件行使管辖权。尽管由于法官自由裁量权的行使可能导致不同案件判决结果存在差异,但是通过对美国《第三次侵权法重述:产品责任》和相关案例的研究,在美国航空产品责任诉讼中原告的举证责任、不方便法院原则的适用标准等问题上仍有一些规律可循。     

Relations for Moments of Progressively Type-II Censored Order Statistics from Log-Logistic Distribution with Applications to Inference

In this article, we establish several recurrence relations for the single and product moments of progressively Type-II right censored order statistics from a log-logistic distribution. The use of these relations in a systematic recursive manner would enable the computation of all the means, variances and covariances of progressively Type-II right censored order statistics from the log-logistic distribution for all sample sizes n, effective sample sizes m, and all progressive censoring schemes (R ₁,…, R _m ). The results established here generalize the corresponding results for the usual order statistics due to Balakrishnan and Malik (1987 Balakrishnan , N. , Malik , H. J. ( 1987 ). Moments of order statistics from truncated log-logistic distribution . J. Statist. Plann. Infer. 17 : 251 – 267 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and Balakrishnan et al. (1987 Balakrishnan , N. , Malik , H. J. , Puthenpura , S. ( 1987 ). Best linear unbiased estimation of location and scale parameters of the log-logistic distribution . Commun. Statist. Theor. Meth. 16 : 3477 – 3495 .[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The moments so determined are then utilized to derive best linear unbiased estimators for the scale- and location-scale log-logistic distributions. A comparison of these estimates with the maximum likelihood estimates is made through Monte Carlo simulation. The best linear unbiased predictors of progressively censored failure times is then discussed briefly. Finally, a numerical example is presented to illustrate all the methods of inference developed here.     

A-optimal designs for heteroscedastic multifactor regression models

Abstract

This paper searches for A-optimal designs for Kronecker product and additive regression models when the errors are heteroscedastic. Sufficient conditions are given so that A-optimal designs for the multifactor models can be built from A-optimal designs for their sub-models with a single factor. The results of an efficiency study carried out to check the adequacy of the products of optimal designs for uni-factor marginal models when these are used to estimate different multi-factor models are also reported.     

Recurrence formula on the joint distribution of sample skewness and kurtosis under normality

Abstract

Two recurrence relations with respect to sample size are given concerning the joint distribution of skewness and kurtosis of random observations from a normal population: one between the probability density functions and the other between the product moments. As a consequence, the latter yields a recurrence formula for the moments of sample kurtosis. The exact moments of Jarque-Bera statistic is also given.     

VARIATION REDUCTION AND ROBUST DESIGNS

In this paper we consider two strategies for variation reduction. One of them is the exploitation of interactions. We also discuss the role of experiments in discovering interactions and in particular the use of robust designs to obtain the interaction between control and noise factors. Then we attempt to reduce the variation in a measurement system using a robust design.     

Progressive type II censored order statistics from exponential distributions

In the model of progressive type II censoring, point and interval estimation as well as relations for single and product moments are considered. Based on two-parameter exponential distributions, maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs), uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimators (UMVUEs) and best linear unbiased estimators (BLUEs) are derived for both location and scale parameters. Some properties of these estimators are shown. Moreover, results for single and product moments of progressive type II censored order statistics are presented to obtain recurrence relations from exponential and truncated exponential distributions. These relations may then be used to compute all the means, variances and covariances of progressive type II censored order statistics based on exponential distributions for arbitrary censoring schemes. The presented recurrence relations simplify those given by Aggarwala and Balakrishnan (1996)     

生产性服务资源环节错配对高技术产品出口的影响分析

本文以修正Antràs et al（2012）模型为切入点，首次构建了生产性服务资源环节错配的测度方法，进而以WIOD数据库中发展中国家为样本首次细致分析了生产性服务资源环节错配对高技术产品出口的作用机理。研究发现：首先生产性服务资源环节错配系数对发展中国家高技术产品出口的作用力呈现倒U型，生产性服务资源环节错配不利于发展中国家高技术产品的出口，这一结论在分位数回归、控制内生性、分时间段和分产业等条件下依然稳健；其次中国生产性服务资源环节错配系数在所有样本国中最高，中国生产性服务资源过于偏向上游原料环节导致了上述现象的出现，这使得中国生产性服务资源处于“偏离最优值较远的低效扭曲使用”状态；最后高等教育、企业经营环境和经济效率均对高技术产品出口具有较为显著的促进效应，而“资源诅咒”使得丰裕的资源禀赋对高技术产品出口表现出一定的负效应，空间型贸易地理优势和契约型贸易地理优势均有助于高技术产品的出口，金融危机则对高技术产品出口产生了较为显著的负向冲击。     

出口产品质量与技能溢价：理论机制及中国证据

本文基于出口产品“质”的视角，理论阐释并实证检验出口产品质量对技能溢价的影响及其作用机制。研究发现：出口产品质量提高显著提升了劳动力技能溢价，这种提升效应在高技术行业更为明显；出口产品质量升级主要通过增加对高技能劳动力相对需求、改善企业利润和绩效等机制提升技能溢价，但出口产品质量影响技能溢价的产品价格机制未得到验证；技能溢价与高技能劳动力供给之间呈倒“U”型关系。因此，为防止出口产品质量升级加剧技能工资不平等，需要采取加强人力资本投资、增加高素质劳动力供给、完善与高质量外贸发展相适应的相对公平的收入分配政策等措施。     

Carbon Emissions Abatement (CEA) allocation and compensation schemes based on DEA

As environment constraints on economic growth are strengthening, Carbon Emissions Abatement (CEA) allocation becomes a significant issue that draws academia׳s attention. In the literature, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique has been applied to obtain CEA allocation with centralized models. Nevertheless, a centralized allocation plan suffers from an implementation difficulty in persuading decision-making units (DMUs) into an agreement. In this paper, we propose a new two-step method to mitigate this side effect. In the first step, we provide improved DEA-based centralized allocation models under the assumptions of constant returns-to-scale (CRS) and variable returns-to-scale (VRS) respectively and in the second step, two compensation schemes are developed for centralized allocation plans. An empirical application to the countries in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is presented to elaborate the main idea.     

Impact of technology-intensive exports on GDP of Western Balkan Countries

This paper aims to determine, by means of regression analysis, which exported product groups, categorized according to their technological intensity, have the greatest effect on the movements in the volume of GDP p/c of the Western Balkan Countries (WBCs). The analysis, based on statistical-econometric methodology, includes 16 commodity groups per each WBC (Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; FYR Macedonia; Montenegro; Serbia). The data were collected and presented in accordance with the HS4 system classification, which is also used for development of the ITC’s Trade Map. The results of the analysis show that those commodity groups produced by medium-low and low technology industries have the greatest effect on the change in the volume of GDP p/c in all WBCs in the period 2005–2015.