股权特征与董事会领导结构关系的实证研究

本文选用 1998 年以前上市的所有 A 股公司作为样本,对样本公司的股权特征与董事会领导结构之间的关系进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)董事长和总经理两职合一模式的公司比例在逐年下降;(2)含有国家股和国家股比例越高的公司越倾向于总经理和董事长两个职位由同一个人担任;(3)由母公司控股以及中央和部委所属的公司更倾向于由大股东董事长同时担任上市公司董事长;(4)控股股东持股比例越高,控股股东董事长担任上市公司董事长的可能性就越大。     

产品标准化战略模型及其实证检验--以60家"世界500强"在华跨国公司的实证检验为例

产品标准化战略作为跨国公司全球营销战略重要的经营模式,一直以来,在理论和实践方面都受到跨国公司的普遍关注,在全球营销战略领域表现出极强的实践性.但是,迄今为止,尚缺乏一个对理论和实践均具有指导意义的产品标准化战略的综合模型.本研究在继承、发展以往学者有关产品标准化战略的零散研究基础上,对产品标准化战略的内涵和影响该战略的内外部因素进行了深入、系统的梳理、归纳和提炼,构建了"产品标准化战略理论模型",并对60家"世界500强"在华跨国公司的调研数据进行了实证检验,丰富和发展了全球营销战略理论.     

董事会特征影响上市公司违规行为的实证研究

本文以2001-2005年间因为违规行为被监管层公开谴责、公开批评或公开处罚的195家A股上市公司及其195家配对公司为研究对象,应用二分类Probit回归、广义线性模型和排序Probit回归分析方法,研究董事会特征是否会影响公司违规的发生概率、发生频率和严重程度等违规行为.结果表明,董事会规模过大会降低工作效率;独立董事比例越高,公司经营越规范;审计委员会的设立可以在一定程度上监督约束公司行为.美中不足的是,它们在统计上均不显著,这可能是因为我国的上市公司治理制度建设才刚刚起步,其治理作用尚未充分显现.与代理理论相矛盾,关于董事会领导结构的实证结果支持现代管家理论,董事长兼任总经理的公司越不容易违规,违规程度越轻微,这可能意味着董事会是一个复杂的体系以至单一的理论无法完全诠释其运营原理.此外,董事会会议越频繁并不意味着董事越勤勉,更可能是公司隐患越多.本文结论将为上市公司董事会的设置乃至公司治理机制建设提供经验证据和启示.     

Optimizing Service Attributes: The Seller's Utility Problem*

Service designers predict market share and sales for their new designs by estimating consumer utilities. The service's technical features (for example, overnight parcel delivery), its price, and the nature of consumer interactions with the service delivery system influence those utilities. Price and the service's technical features are usually quite objective and readily ascertained by the consumer. However, consumer perceptions about their interactions with the service delivery system are usually far more subjective. Furthermore, service designers can only hope to influence those perceptions indirectly through their decisions about nonlinear processes such as employee recruiting, training, and scheduling policies. Like the service's technical features, these process choices affect quality perceptions, market share, revenues, costs, and profits. We propose a heuristic for the NP‐hard service design problem that integrates realistic service delivery cost models with conjoint analysis. The resulting seller's utility function links expected profits to the intensity of a service's influential attributes and also reveals an ideal setting or level for each service attribute. In tests with simulated service design problems, our proposed configurations compare quite favorably with the designs suggested by other normative service design heuristics.     

A Competitive Model of Customization with Lead‐Time Effects

In this article, we study the competitive interactions between a firm producing standard products and a firm producing custom products. Consumers with heterogeneous preferences choose between n standard products, which may not meet their preferences exactly but are available immediately, and a custom product, available only after a certain lead time l. Standard products incur a variety cost that increases with n and custom products incur a lead time cost that is decreasing in the lead time l. We consider a two‐stage game wherein at stage 1, the standard product firm chooses the variety and the custom firm chooses the lead time and then both firms set prices simultaneously. We characterize the subgame‐perfect Nash equilibrium of the game. We find that both firms can coexist in equilibrium, either sharing the market as local monopolists or in a price‐competitive mode. The standard product firm may offer significant or minimal variety depending on the equilibrium outcome. We provide several interesting insights on the variety, lead time, and prices of the products offered and on the impact of problem parameters on the equilibrium outcomes. For instance, we show that the profit margin and price of the custom product are likely to be higher than that of standard products in equilibrium under certain conditions. Also, custom firms are more likely to survive and succeed in product markets with larger potential market sizes. Another interesting insight is that increased consumer sensitivity to product fit may result in lower lead time for the custom product.     

Extending Financial Portfolio Theory for Product Management*

This paper attempts to modify financial portfolio theory for application in product portfolio decisions. The proposed multiperiod portfolio framework should help marketers in allocating scarce corporate resources to various competing products as well as contribute to developing a body of theory to solve an important problem in marketing management. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed.