社会学与常识：一个基本理论问题的三种透视

社会学与常识的关系问题是社会学中的一个基本理论问题。但当今社会学概论教科书中对这个问题的论述却往往存在偏误。本文从学科、专业/常识的角度、教师(研究者)与学习者的角度和专家与大众的角度对社会学与常识关系的问题进行了梳理和评述,指出社会学与常识的关系不仅仅是对立的关系。只有综合三种不同角度的观点,才可以更为全面、深刻的理解这对关系的涵义。     

C0(X)中的Chebyshev中心的存在性

设X是一Banach空间，Co(X)表示X中所有按范数拓扑收敛于零的序列构成的空间(赋上确界范数)．证明了Co(X)中的每个紧子集均有中心充要条件是X中每个紧子集均有中心，而且，若x满足条件(Q)，则Co(X)中的每个有界集有中心充要条件是X是拟一致凸的．据此构造了一Banach空间X满足：X的每个紧子集有中心、X满足条件(Q)和X不是拟一致凸的，这样Banach空间Co(X)中的每个紧子集有中心，但并不是每个有界集均有中心．     

A MECHANISM DESIGN APPROACH TO CLIMATE‐CHANGE AGREEMENTS

We take a mechanism design perspective to investigate how environmental agreements should account for multilateral externalities, incentive compatibility, and voluntary participation by sovereign countries. The optimal mechanism involves a tradeoff between a free rider problem in the effort provision of participating countries and the necessity of inducing countries to ratify the agreement. This mechanism can be approximated by a simple menu with attractive implementation and robustness properties. Limits on enforcement and commitment might nevertheless hinder the performance of this menu, making the “business as usual” scenario more likely.     

散布鼠疫菌（PX）细菌战“战果”之真相

日本军在中国实施细菌战的事实,随着中日学者的研究逐渐被揭示,在研究中所用材料大部分都是加害者（当事人）和受害者的口述史,缺乏日本军当时实施细菌战后对被害地的全面详细的疫学调查。731部队细菌战研究人员金子顺一论文《鼠疫效果略算法》,揭示了1940年农安、新京鼠疫流行事件是731部队实施的细菌战的事实。《陆军军医学校防疫研究报告第2部》中的高桥正彦论文中关于农安、新京鼠疫流行事件的论文,是731部队细菌战后对被害地进行的疫学调查。达格威文件Q报告中的部分数据来自“农安细菌战”受害者的病理解剖,其中不仅有中国人,也有日本人。     

谈阿Q的潜意识

与同时代的农民相比 ,阿Q的弱点缺点突出 ,但其独特的优点却更为他人所不具备 ,他有“精神胜利法”武器 ,更有维护自己人生基本权力的下意识。阿Q的下意识中积极的方面是对自己基本权利的维护     

两种岩体分类指标RMR与Q间的关系

在简要介绍CRIS和NGI两种分类方法的基础上 ,系统总结了目前已有岩体质量指标RMR和Q之间的关系 ,并在分析造成不同时期二者间关系式有较大差异的基础上 ,建议了有关计算公式。     

I/Q通道相位不一致对LFM脉压性能的影响

推导了存I/Q通道相位误差的情况下的LFM脉冲压缩输出信号的表达式,定量分析了I/Q通道相位不一致性对LFM脉冲压缩性能的影响,为雷达接收机系统设计中I/Q通道相位误差的控制提供了理论的参考依据。理论分析和计算机仿真表明,在采用加窗方式抑制脉冲压缩输出旁瓣的情况下,I/Q通道的相位误差会脉冲压缩输出的主副比性能产生严重影响。     

Subject-specific performance information can worsen the tragedy of the commons: Experimental evidence

The main aim of this article is to investigate the behavioral consequences of the provision of subject-specific information in the group effort levels chosen by players in an experimental CPR game. We examine two basic treatments, one with incomplete information and the other with complete information. In the former, subjects are informed only about their own individual payoffs and the aggregate extraction effort level of the group, and in the latter they are also informed about the individual effort levels and payoffs of each subject. Given this setting, the basic question we attempt to answer is: Will the provision of subject-specific performance information (i.e. individual’s effort levels and payoffs) improve or worsen the tragedy of the commons (i.e. an exploitation effort level greater than the socially optimum level)? In order to motivate our hypotheses and explain our experimental results at the individual level, we make use of the theory of learning in games, which goes beyond standard non-cooperative game theory, allowing us to explore the three basic benchmarks in the commons context: Nash equilibrium, Pareto efficient, and open access outcomes. We use several learning and imitation theoretical models that are based on contrasting assumptions about the level of rationality and the information available to subjects, namely: best response, imitate the average, mix of best response and imitate the average, imitate the best and follow the exemplary learning rules. Finally, in order to econometrically test the hypotheses formulated from the theoretical predictions we use a random-effects model to assess the explanatory power of the different selected behavioral learning and imitation rules.     

The impact of the EU sugar trade reform on poor households in developing countries: A general equilibrium analysis

We use a modified version of the applied general equilibrium model GTAP, called GTAP_MH, to evaluate the impact of a reduction in the EU's support price for sugar on income distribution of African households. For LDC countries, non-ACP but participant in the EBA initiative a +2% change is indicated in term of income generation across all ten social strata identified within GTAP_MH framework, with positive percentage changes in supply prices at household level of endowment commodities, and positive percentage changes in price indices for private household expenditures. The big losers will be those countries that would no longer be able to compete at an international level as a result of the lost preferences.     

A Markov-chain method for computing the run-length distribution of the self-starting cumulative sum scheme

We propose an analytic method for computing the run-length distribution of the cumulative sum (CUSUM) of Q statistics. The method is based on a model in which the operation of this CUSUM is embedded in a nonstationary, discrete-time Markov chain. The calculations of the method agree closely with those of Monte Carlo simulation, supporting the method's accuracy. Our results facilitate understanding the effectiveness of the CUSUM of Q statistics in detecting process mean shifts.