'Management Standards' work-related stress in the UK: practical development

Research commissioned for the UK's Health & Safety Executive (HSE) supports the view that a preventative, risk-assessment based approach would be more effective than case-based methods in achieving a nationwide reduction in work-related stress. The background to this approach is described and discussed in a companion paper in this issue (Mackay, Cousins, Kelly, Lee, & McCaig, 2004). The present paper describes the development of HSE's new stress Management Standards—which offer organizations continuous improvement through a three-phase stress preventative process—and the development of a supporting 'Indicator Tool' (a two-phase questionnaire to assess employee perceptions of working conditions). The Management Standards comprise a series of 'states to be achieved', which are statements of good practice in six key stressor areas: demands, control, support, relationships, role and organizational change. For each stressor area there is also a 'platform statement' that outlines the main aims to be achieved by the organization. This statement may include a target percentage of employees finding that the organization meets the standard: this matter will be settled after the standards have been assessed in a public consultation campaign. To use the new process, an organization's state can first be assessed using the Indicator Tool; liaising with workers in focus groups enables a further exploration of issues raised; finally, there may be formulation of interventions and subsequent review. It is not intended that the standards will be legally enforceable. HSE's aim is that they and the associated methodology will enable organizations to effectively tackle work-related stress, and subsequently reduce both its incidence and prevalence.     

制度缺失与储蓄替代——中国农户防卫性储蓄机制的行为发现与理论检验

运用统计图解方法研究，发现中国农户家庭偏好中存在防卫性机制。适当选取模型和计量工具，随后的参数检验也证实防卫性机制存在。防卫性储蓄是金融保险制度缺失条件下的行为替代，决策应沿着合理利用这一行为机制来思考，以建立城乡一体的国家社保体系。     

论刑事侦查程序的基本价值

作为刑事诉讼的第一步独立程序,刑事侦查程序不仅是案件真相的发现过程,亦是其独立程序价值的权衡和伸张过程。刑事侦查程序的基本价值在于：（１）自由。其价值内涵主要体现为程序中的权利自治和权利援助;（２）安全。其价值内涵在程序中表现为消除危险和警戒未来两个方面。自由与安全的价值竞争和选择决定了各国不同的刑事侦查模式。如何在二者之间取得一个合理的妥协已成为现代刑事诉讼的一个重大课题。以此来反思并改造我国过度偏重安全,轻视自由的侦查模式,必将具有重大的理论指导意义。     

中国城市安全的全方位管理体系研究

近期城市安全事故的频发及其严重后果引发了一连串巨大的社会负面效应，这对城市安全管理工作提出了新的要求与挑战。有别于传统的城市安全管理研究，本文力图建立全方位安全管理体系，将关键受众、主导机构及合作网络等主体整合在一起，并从城市安全管理的过程着手建立相应的分析框架，最终为相关实践活动提供理论参考。     

上海社区安全调查报告

上海社区安全调查的目的是通过掌握上海社区安全的总体状况,加速推进平安上海建设。调查显示,上海社区安全总体良好,安全防范体系初步形成,但也存在一些安全薄弱环节,安全事故时有发生,安全隐患时有存在,安全监管时有缺位。因此,应采取多项安全保障措施,继续推进社区安全建设工作,提升城市整体安全水平。     

Competitive Goals and Plant Investment in Environment and Safety Practices: Moderating Effect of National Culture

Operations managers clearly play a critical role in targeting plant‐level investments toward environment and safety practices. In principle, a “rational” response would be to align this investment with senior management's competitive goals for operational performance. However, operations managers also are influenced by contingent factors, such as their national culture, thus creating potential tension that might bias investment away from a simple rational response. Using data from 1,453 plants in 24 countries, we test the moderating influence of seven of the national cultural characteristics on investment at the plant level in environment and safety practices. Four of the seven national cultural characteristics from GLOBE (i.e., uncertainty avoidance, in‐group collectivism, future orientation and performance orientation) shifted investment away from an expected “rational” response. Positive bias was evident when the national culture favored consistency and formalized procedures and rewarded performance improvement. In contrast, managers exhibited negative bias when familial groups and local coalitions were powerful, or future outcomes—rather than current actions—were more important. Overall, this study highlights the critical importance of moving beyond a naïve expectation that plant‐level investment will naturally align with corporate competitive goals for environment and safety. Instead, the national culture where the plant is located will influence these investments, and must be taken into account by senior management.     

食品安全：公众的认知、情绪和行为

食品安全关系到公众的健康和生命安全,事关社会的公共安全和稳定。文章从公众的认知、情绪和行为三个方面来理解公众在面对食品安全风险时的心理反应,在综述以往公共安全风险和事件研究的基础上,探索食品安全事件可能造成公众恐慌的心理过程,以期能够为食品安全管理与决策者提供应对食品安全风险和事件的思路和策略。     

Creating a Safer Society

In some fields of policy Britain tends to follow the Americans. Will crime prove to be one of them? This chapter begins with an exploration of the sources of American influence, and an account of the disastrous course their penal policies have taken. Thereafter attention focuses on the United Kingdom. It is argued that public concern about crime must be taken seriously. Some have called for a “remoralization” of the debate—more “condemnation”, less “understanding”. But if our aim is to reduce crime, its economic and social context must first be understood; then changed. Delinquency is only one of several responses which people may make to prolonged hardship and frustration; and not necessarily the most destructive. Drawing on experience in many parts of the country, a programme of action to improve people’s safety is proposed. Starting with procedures for consulting and involving people—including those who appear to be the source of trouble—a local strategy is outlined to improve opportunities for making an honest living, to stabilize and strengthen communities, to provide better support for the victims of crime and for the most vulnerable families, and better opportunities for ex-offenders. Police and penal services have an important job to do as mobilizers and managers of a society’s responses to crime. But, in a country where only 3 per cent of offences lead to a conviction in court, these services cannot do much to prevent it.     

银行系统性风险的成因及防范研究

银行系统性风险表现为因一个或多个银行出乎预料倒闭 ,而在整个银行体系中所引发的“多米诺骨牌效应”。银行系统性风险的成因比较复杂 ,银行机制本身的问题是其先天的“内生性”原因 ,而投机性冲击、风险的溢出与传染是外在原因。防范银行系统性风险的主要办法是构建银行安全网 ,但银行安全网组成中的存款保险制度、最后贷款人制度在提供系统性风险防范手段的同时 ,也可能产生道德风险 ,从而使银行安全网失效。因此 ,消除或减少道德风险 ,构建有效的银行安全网将是各国防范银行系统性风险的必然选择     

通用航空安全管理体系建设研究

当前通用航空正处于快速发展的时期,然而通用航空的安保问题也随之引起了关注。由于通用航空的特殊性,安保立法面临诸多挑战,难度倍增。国际民航组织就通用航空安保工作制定了建议措施并提供了相应的指导材料。当前通用航空安保立法中,法律、法规以及部门规章均存在不足,新近制定的《通用航空安全保卫规则》仍需改进。因此,为了更好地保障通用航空发展,应当从搭建系统的航空安保立法体系,丰富立法内容以及提高立法的前瞻性等方面,进一步完善当前的通用航空安保立法工作。