Creating a Safer Society

In some fields of policy Britain tends to follow the Americans. Will crime prove to be one of them? This chapter begins with an exploration of the sources of American influence, and an account of the disastrous course their penal policies have taken. Thereafter attention focuses on the United Kingdom. It is argued that public concern about crime must be taken seriously. Some have called for a “remoralization” of the debate—more “condemnation”, less “understanding”. But if our aim is to reduce crime, its economic and social context must first be understood; then changed. Delinquency is only one of several responses which people may make to prolonged hardship and frustration; and not necessarily the most destructive. Drawing on experience in many parts of the country, a programme of action to improve people’s safety is proposed. Starting with procedures for consulting and involving people—including those who appear to be the source of trouble—a local strategy is outlined to improve opportunities for making an honest living, to stabilize and strengthen communities, to provide better support for the victims of crime and for the most vulnerable families, and better opportunities for ex-offenders. Police and penal services have an important job to do as mobilizers and managers of a society’s responses to crime. But, in a country where only 3 per cent of offences lead to a conviction in court, these services cannot do much to prevent it.     

银行系统性风险的成因及防范研究

银行系统性风险表现为因一个或多个银行出乎预料倒闭 ,而在整个银行体系中所引发的“多米诺骨牌效应”。银行系统性风险的成因比较复杂 ,银行机制本身的问题是其先天的“内生性”原因 ,而投机性冲击、风险的溢出与传染是外在原因。防范银行系统性风险的主要办法是构建银行安全网 ,但银行安全网组成中的存款保险制度、最后贷款人制度在提供系统性风险防范手段的同时 ,也可能产生道德风险 ,从而使银行安全网失效。因此 ,消除或减少道德风险 ,构建有效的银行安全网将是各国防范银行系统性风险的必然选择     

The Clash of Voices: Community-based Targeting of Safety-net Interventions in Malawi

Using the principle of community targeting, the 2003 Winter Targeted Input Programme was designed to extend free inputs to about 400,000 households in rural Malawi on the basis of access to dambo, and poverty status. The tendency for most communities was, however, to modify the stipulated criteria on the basis of their perceptions and interpretations of need, entitlement and equity. Strikingly, even though the resulting criteria often reflected priorities conflicting with the officially prescribed guidelines, they were nevertheless not necessarily motivated by fraudulent intentions, though there were some isolated cases of ill‐intention. This article therefore advocates at least the incorporation of views from below in the design of interventions of this nature in order to ensure that they achieve the overall desired strategic impact.     

中国、海湾六国聚焦能源安全问题

中国和海湾6国的自由贸易协定谈判于2004年9月举行，其关注的焦点是能源合作，这对我国解决能源安全问题有重要的战略意义。     

(How) Can we value health, safety and the environment?

The assumptions that underpin the conventional economic model of ‘rational agents’ tend to be substantially violated by data from surveys that try to elicit people’s values for health, safety and environmental goods. Psychological research suggests that there may be a large affective component in people’s responses to such surveys, with the result that those data are not amenable to the ‘logic’ of economic rationality. This raises questions both about the way we model human judgment and decision processes, and also about the use of survey data to guide public policy in these and other areas.     

The Heterogeneous Effect of the Passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act on Stock Returns

I analyze how stock prices reacted to the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970. Previous studies focus on accounting measures or actual OSHA violations, and my work complements the literature by examining how shareholders expected OSHA to affect firm profitability. Returns fell around the OSH bill’s release to the House floor and its eventual passage, and average market value dropped by $1.5 million over the 3 days surrounding House Rules Committee release. Durable manufacturing and mining industries were hardest hit in OSH passage, losing $2.6 million and $5.7 million in average market value, respectively. I also find that larger firms with poorer working conditions sustained more negative returns, and market power, not union density, explains variation in expected profitability. Furthermore, future penalties appear unrelated to shareholder expectations about compliance costs.

上海市民公共安全感调查报告

近年来上海公共安全状况总体可控,市民对上海公共安全状况认可度较高,但综合评分有逐渐下滑态势。上海市民公共安全意识有所增强,但公共安全知识水平有待提高,应对能力还需加强。政府管理部门有必要密切关注社会不同群体对公共安全问题的态度和倾向,以及各类社会问题及其可能引发的社会风险,号准城市安全的“脉搏”,进而采取相应的预防和应对措施,通过营造安全稳定的社会环境,提升市民的安全成喃诫市确丌肄垃右羼打下略壹篡础     

理论与实践相结合的《安全工程CAD》教学方法

针对《安全工程CAD》教学中存在的绘图技巧与实际应用脱节的问题,采用理论与实践相结合的教学方法,分析了《安全工程CAD》教学的特点,提出了注重专业基础知识掌握、注重绘图技巧练习、把专业知识和课程学习内容相结合、强化制图规范化意识制定模板文件、选择合适的考核方式等教学方法,在实际教学中取得了良好的效果。     

Psychosocial risk assessment: Measurement invariance of the UK Health and Safety Executive's Management Standards Indicator Tool across public and private sector organizations

Abstract

This study provides evidence to support the validity of the UK Health and Safety Executive Management Standards Indicator Tool, which is widely used in the UK by organizations to test for stress-related working conditions. A large pooled data set was collected from 137 UK organizations (N=67,347) to test the factor structure of both the original 35-item seven-factor instrument and a new shorter 25-item version. The results showed that the tool was a good fit to the data for both versions. Further analysis examined the factor structure of the Indicator Tool by splitting the data set into both public and private sector organizations. Tests for measurement invariance showed that both versions of the Indicator Tool provided a good fit to the data. The final sequence of analysis showed that the measurement structure of both the 25-item and 35-item scales was also invariant across small-, medium- and large-sized organizations. The current study provides percentile tables for both the public and private sectors so that organizations can compare their scores against UK national benchmarks. Overall, this study validates both the full and the short versions of a valuable and reliable diagnostic instrument for use in a variety of organizations.     

食用农产品安全监管中农村非营利组织的法律责任

食用农产品安全被称为"从田间到餐桌"的系统工程,是食品安全的重要保障。《食品安全法》第四章对食用农产品安全作了相应规定,特别是第35条规定:"食用农产品的生产企业和农民专业合作经济组织应当建立食用农产品生产记录制度。"这对农村非营利组织在食用农产品安全中所应承担的责任作出了明确规定,也是对以往有关农产品安全立法的重大突破,但并不能有效地规制农产品安全,我们应当对农村非营利组织在食用农产品安全中所应承担的责任加以完善,以实现人们对农产品的放心食用。