日本女性社会保障的运行机制及对中国的启示

日本女性社会保障运行机制是其社会保障体系的重要组成部分,主要通过《生育休假法》、《男女雇用机会均等法》等法律法规确保女性在生育、教育、就业、医疗和养老等方面的权利,并将构筑"国民皆参保"的医疗保障网作为保障女性权益的重要一环。日本在加强女性社会保障立法和健全女性社保机制方面很值得中国借鉴。     

Bureaucratic Power: Security and the National Response Plan

The National Response Plan was created by the Department of Homeland Security for the purpose of organizing disaster relief services by coordinating activities of cabinet departments and independent agencies. A case study of the Plan's creation shows that the Department has skillfully used its sources of administrative power to build a latent control network with little or no oversight, raising questions of accountability and ultimate security. Variables discussed here promote building of a theory of bureaucratic power.

A Liquidity-based Model of Security Design

We consider the problem of the design and sale of a security backed by specified assets. Given access to higher-return investments, the issuer has an incentive to raise capital by securitizing part of these assets. At the time the security is issued, the issuer's or underwriter's private information regarding the payoff of the security may cause illiquidity, in the form of a downward-sloping demand curve for the security. The severity of this illiquidity depends upon the sensitivity of the value of the issued security to the issuer's private information. Thus, the security-design problem involves a tradeoff between the retention cost of holding cash flows not included in the security design, and the liquidity cost of including the cash flows and making the security design more sensitive to the issuer's private information. We characterize the optimal security design in several cases. We also demonstrate circumstances under which standard debt is optimal and show that the riskiness of the debt is increasing in the issuer's retention costs for assets.     

论社会保障支出水平适度性的分析方法

对不同的国家和地区的社会保障水平适度性的衡量应从其实际经济发展水平和劳动要素分配比率出发,将社会保障水平的总量指标和结构指标结合使用,会更加合理的透视某经济体在社会保障支出和使用方面的问题。     

以执政安全的视角审视宗教的“三性”

宗教是一个长期且复杂的社会历史现象,在社会主义社会同样具有长期性、群众性和特殊复杂性。我们要从维护共产党执政安全的高度,来审视宗教的"三性"。必须正确处理好共产党执政的久远性与宗教存在的长期性之间的关系;必须正确处理好共产党执政基础的主泛性与宗教群众性之间的关系;必须正确处理好共产党在对外开放和市场经济条件下执政的复杂性与宗教传播的国际性之间的关系。     

Pension policy design changes in EU countries since the mid‐1990s

Recent decades have been characterised by significant pension reforms. This article reviews this process, focusing on five policy design issues that have concerned policymakers: optimising poverty alleviation effectiveness; redefining the state's role in smoothing incomes over the life‐course; balancing contributions to benefits; adjusting the system to respond to demographic, economic and social changes; and ensuring that reforms will be long‐lasting. While the role of state pensions is diminishing, there is a growing realisation of the need to ensure that they remain adequate, reigniting interest in minimum pensions and contribution credits. The expanding role of private pensions has led governments to intervene more in their operation. Policymakers have shown interest in automatic adjustment mechanisms to bring about required economic changes. However, there is greater understanding that for these to happen, the state has to engage more with its citizens.     

国际权力基础与伊拉克战争

本文考察国际权力在不同历史时期的基础及其变化,并提出,各国围绕国际权力竞争的背后是各国围绕国际权力基础的竞争,国际权力基础随着时代不断发生变迁。作为国际政治的一个重要变量,国际权力基础反映出国际政治单位之间所享有的国际权力差异。自威斯特伐利亚条约以来,国际社会见证了数次国际权力基础变化。在第二次世界大战以前,国际权力的基础是常规武器水平;冷战期间核武器成为了新的基础;冷战结束后,各国之间的竞争围绕着综合国力展开;伊拉克战争爆发以后,国际权力基础又变迁为国家独立行动能力。     

Protecting Older People From Burglary: Prevalence of Security Devices in the Homes of Older Adults in Perth,Western Australia

ABSTRACT

Fear restricts the activity of older adults, potentially leading to social isolation and unhealthy life styles. Consequently, this population remains a priority for home security research and intervention. One option is to increase home security by installing security devices. However, little is known about how older adults protect their homes. In this study, 5,582 community-dwelling older people completed a cross-sectional survey. The survey was able to document the prevalence of security measures taken by older adults. More than 70% of the respondents had security screens and key-operated deadlocks and 148 (2.7%) respondents reported no security features. Respondents living alone had the lowest prevalence of home security devices. Female living alone protected their home differently from male living alone by installing different security devices. Logistic regression analysis indicated that older adults living in detached houses feel particularly vulnerable to burglary (p < .001). These survey findings have practical implication for burglary prevention.     

我国证券发行注册制改革的法经济学分析

证券发行审核制度在我国经历了由行政审批制到核准制下的券商通道制再到核准制下的保荐人制度的历史演变过程，以法经济学的视角进行分析，这是证券发行的社会成本由高向低逐级递减的体现。公共选择理论揭示了政府失灵的经济学原理，要求政府对市场的干预保持谦抑性，就证券发行监管而言，政府的监管权力应当退出市场，将发行上市获得融资机会的决定权归还给投资者等市场主体，而这正是发行注册制改革的目标和宗旨。