试论软件产业的国际价值与软件外包

软件产业的国际价值主要通过国际软件产业价值链得以实现,其中能否掌握核心技术决定了一个国家能否占据国际软件价值链的高端。印度通过软件外包在国际软件价值链中占据了重要地位,但仍然无法摆脱其软件从国别价值向国际价值转换过程中所受到的价值歧视。我国在政策和扶持发展软件产业和软件外包的同时, 必须注意形成国内完整的软件产业价值链,加大软件核心技术的研发力度,逐步占据国际软件产业价值链的高端。     

The Effects of Information Overload on Software Project Risk Assessment*

Managers are responsible for providing effective information technology governance of the software development process. Ineffective governance leads to serious resource misallocations and negative consequences concerning Sarbanes‐Oxley compliance. In order for managers to make informed decisions about software development projects, they often need more information than is available through normal information channels, that is, they need an in‐depth review of the at‐risk project. Such in‐depth reviews, however, are costly. Hence, accurate identification of at‐risk projects for in‐depth review is critical to management's ability to govern. This research considers how two factors, information load and time pressure, affect the quality of the project‐selection process. We examine quality by observing the decision strategies involved and then relating these strategies to subsequent decision making. An experiment was conducted with experienced information systems auditors using a combination of policy‐capturing and computerized process‐tracing techniques. The participants in our study cope with information overload by accelerating their decision‐making process and adopting noncompensatory decision processes. Contrary to prior research, our process‐tracing analysis suggests that participants rarely filter information, thus implying that decision makers are unable to process all the information. Coping by resorting to noncompensatory strategies did not decrease decision quality unless combined with accelerated information processing. Participants also increase their weight on the software project risk factors that they repeatedly access and that they view for longer periods of time. The theoretical contributions and practical implications regarding what actions managers can take to reduce the negative impact of information overload are discussed.     

The governance of open source initiatives: what does it mean to be community managed?

The concept of ‘open source’ software initially referred to software projects managed by grassroots communities in public forums. Since 1998, the concept has been adapted and diffused to new settings that extend beyond software. While the open source community has maintained control over which software licenses can be considered ‘open source’, little attention has been paid to the elements that constitute community management. More private parties now contribute to OSS communities and more hybrid governance models have emerged. Before we can understand how hybrid models differ from a community managed model, a more precise definition is needed. This essay takes a step in this direction by identifying five core principles critical to community-managed governance.

计算机软件的版权保护——《计算机软件保护条例》引发的法律思考

国务院 2 0 0 1年 12月 2 0日公布了新的《计算机软件保护条例》 ,与 1991年公布实施的《计算机软件保护条例》相比 ,极大地提高了计算机软件的保护水平。在计算机软件领域 ,《计算机软件保护条例》具有优先于《著作权法》的效力 ,这种“优先”源于《著作权法》第 5 8条的授权。就目前而言 ,打击盗版 ,应重点打击制造、销售盗版软件的人以及作为单位的计算机最终用户 ,对个人最终用户不宜追究法律责任。     

Opening the "Black Box' of Software The micro-foundations of informational technologies, practices and environments

The technical and production structures of informational development, the mechanisms that translate information into new products and power, remain opaque. Without defining these micro-foundational patterns, simple questions - what is information, how is it produced, is this production structure significantly unique - remain unanswered, limiting analysis of informational development generally, and evaluation of higher-level "information' theories specifically. Opening the "black box' of software outlines these production practices in one of the central industries of the coming decades, helping explain its social and economic impact and locating its evolution within broader global economic patterns. Software is a unique informational practice that draws on socially structured domain-knowledge as its central resource. This clarifies the importance of information and design in an informational environment, as well as signalling the impact of digital architectures in structuring new patterns of social interaction. These informational patterns are embedded in software both technically and through the development process, resulting in a strong cohesion between production, product and industry structures. The expansion of software process and products throughout society raises the impact of these unique patterns in shaping future economic and social structures in multiple industries, locations and institutions. Detailing the informational patterns in software opens a path to consider an ideal-typology of informational production. Such an ideal type helps define terms and hypotheses that capture both unique differences and general patterns in an informational environment, opening more rigorous analysis of the broader social transformations in the global environment. Failing to recognize these processes limits the space for social debate, policy and action around the establishment and evolution of new digital architectures at the locus of their development.     

提高信息化建设水平 满足本科教学需要

本文以学院第二次教学工作会议的主题报告为中心,就网络与设备处如何提高信息化建设的软、硬件环境和技术水平进行了分析和探讨。     

Reducing Requirement Incorrectness and Coping with Its Negative Impact in Information System Development Projects

The negative impact of incorrect requirements on information system development (ISD) project performance has long been acknowledged. This study addresses the problem of incorrect requirements by proposing a model that combines the error reduction and coping concepts proposed by Field, Ritzman, Safizadeh, and Downing (2006) with the view that ISD is a knowledge‐intensive process. The model hypothesizes that when developers and users possess an understanding of each other's primary domain of knowledge, the prevention of incorrect requirements and the mitigation of the negative consequences of incorrect requirements tend to improve project performance. Data collected from 250 ISD professionals on the basis of their experiences of recently completed ISD projects confirmed all of our hypotheses. The results demonstrate that the eliciting of incorrect requirements can be reduced when users and developers possess cross‐domain understanding and when requirement analysis methodologies and techniques are available. Furthermore, the negative impact of incorrect requirements on project performance can be mitigated when developers have sufficient ISD knowledge and behavioral knowledge.     

软件产业虚拟集群企业间信任进化博弈研究

针对软件产业虚拟集群内软件企业合作过程中存在的合作态度不积极、机会主义行为严重、资源共享程度低等不信任问题,从软件企业的有限理性出发,运用进化博弈理论,引入合作收益、收益分配系数、风险成本以及背信成本等影响因素,构建软件产业虚拟集群企业间信任进化博弈模型,对进化路径及结果进行分析,运用Matlab进行数值模拟。研究表明,通过提高软件企业间合作收益,确定最优的收益分配系数及合理的背信成本,降低风险成本,能够提升软件产业虚拟集群企业间信任。     

Testing the Existence of Change-Point in NHPP Software Reliability Models

In the software testing process, the nature of the failure data is affected by many factors, such as the testing environment, testing strategy, and resource allocation. These factors are unlikely to all be kept stable during the entire process of software testing. As a result, the statistical structure of the failure data is likely to experience major changes. Recently, some useful non homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) models with change-point are proposed. However, in many realistic situations, whether a change-point exists is unknown. Furthermore, some real data seem to have two or more change-points. In this article we propose test statistics to test the existence of change-point(s). The experimental results of real data show that our tests perform well.     

“游戏系统”：美国视频游戏内容监管

视频游戏的内容已经引起了社会的关注,而这些关注可能带来法律和政策方面的影响。有问题的内容包括：图形暴力和流血;虚拟的性;部分或全部的裸露镜头;犯罪行为;不适当的模式化观念;种族、民族和宗教的诽谤;毒品、酒精和烟草的使用;赌博;其他挑衅的和不愉快的资料。特别地,人们对儿童的保护问题表示关心。但是,由于美国宪法对涉及视频游戏等言论给予保护,立法机构致力于直接管制含有这种内容游戏的努力一直未能成功。相反地,美国已发展了一系列的非政府机制,这些机制事实上限制这些游戏的发行,并且让购买者能够了解到这些游戏的内容。这种限制措施与有见识的消费者所组成的生态系统依赖于一套非官方的游戏分级制度。这种游戏分级制度依照与游戏开发商签订的合同被强制执行,被游戏经销商和零售商高度重视,以大大减少成人游戏在未满18岁的人群中的销量。如果美国最高法院接受并同意这一当前悬而未决的法律案情的申诉,立法机关将被赋予更大的权力来直接管制这种游戏。