法律规范特征的两面性——从法律目的实现的角度分析

从法律目的实现的角度分析,法律规范的形式化特征、明确性特征、一般性特征、稳定性特征、强制性特征等都具有两面性。对当代中国一些有影响力的案例的分析显示出,一方面法律规范的特征促进某些目的的实现,另一方面,却阻碍某些目的的实现;法律规范的一些目的的过度实现,可能危及另外一些目的的顺利实现。法律规范特征的两面性反映出,法律规范尽管在实现对社会的确定性指引等方面有重大作用,可以消除人的意志反复无常的弊端,稳定地实现社会正义,但仍有其不完满之处。而这种不完满出自法律规范的本性,并非靠法律制度的完善可以解决。     

正交试验设计及其应用

本文简要介绍了正交试验设计的基本原理,通过具体例子说明了正交试验设计在科研及生产实际中的应用.     

How to motivate yourself and others? Intended and unintended consequences

To achieve goals, individuals and organizations must understand how to effectively motivate themselves and others. We review three broad strategies that people employ to increase motivation: giving feedback, setting goal targets, and applying incentives. Although each of these strategies can effectively motivate action under certain circumstances and among certain people, they can also result in unintended consequences: not helping or even hurting motivation. For example, employers may give positive feedback that leads employees to relax their effort or negative feedback that undermines employees’ commitment, organizations may set goals that are overly ambitious and consequently reduce motivation, and certain incentives might appear attractive before pursuing an action but uncertain incentives better motivate action during goal pursuit. By identifying when and how these common motivational strategies work versus fail, we are able to prescribe a specific set of guidelines that will help people understand how to motivate themselves and others.