全球化时代的恐怖主义：挑战与回应

全球化作为一把双刃剑 ,既促进了全球经济和政治的发展 ,也孕育了全球化的恐怖主义这一附产品。当前恐怖主义产生的根源、活动、手段及其危害都具有全球性 ,并成为后冷战时代影响国际关系的一个新的重要因素 ,全球化时代的反恐怖斗争的成功需要共识、理性、公正和智慧。     

Does exposure to a traumatic event make organizations resilient?

Why do some organizations bounce-back from traumatic events more quickly than others? While the research on organizations offers extensive insights on recovery from economic or technological shocks, there is limited understanding of how organizations recover from life-threatening events such as terrorist attacks. In this study, we build on the research on resilience and argue that organizational recovery from a traumatic event is informed by the perception of threat. Higher perception of threat increases inter-organizational collaboration and the care associated with the deployment of slack as well as to learning. We tested our arguments with a sample of US and non-US firms before and after the 9/11 terrorist attacks and found that, due to spatial proximity, US firms’ higher perception of threat led to a larger increase in the frequency of inter-organizational alliances than that of non-US firms. This preference was more frequently directed towards local partners and demonstrated a distinct emphasis on slack and learning. Contrary to conventional wisdom, our findings suggest that organizational resilience in the face of a traumatic event benefits not from immunity but from spatial proximity to the threat. Proximity increases the perception of threat, and with it, the impetus for adaptation.     

国际反恐合作与新疆稳定

随着9·11事件以后国际反恐大势的形成,通过国际合作打击恐怖主义、分裂主义、极端主义“三股势力”成为中国维护新疆稳定的重要战略措施。文章总结了中国采取的三项国际合作战略措施。首先是上海合作组织的成立为打击“东突”恐怖势力确立了国际合作的制度框架,推进了与中亚国家的反恐合作。其次,通过与邻国的军事演习协调彼此立场,促进互信与合作。此外,中国还在更为广阔的国际空间发展与包括美国在内的其他大国的反恐合作。最后认为国际反恐合作取得了很大成就,“东突”恐怖势力的活动空间特别是国际活动空间被大幅挤压,“东突”恐怖势力得到有效遏制。     

中美中东政策分歧的认知差异分析

文化差异能够对人们的认知方式产生作用。对同一行为，有美国文化背景的人多强调内部原因，具中国文化背景的人更重视外部原因，同时兼顾内外因平衡。中美在反恐和达尔富尔等问题上的政策差异，有利益竞争的原因，也有认知方面的原因。美国强调恐怖主义实施者的内部原因，中国虽不否定内部原因，但更强调外部环境因素；美国将苏丹视为暴政国家，认为其政府应为达尔富尔危机承担责任，而中国则认为达尔富尔危机的根源在于自然资源匮乏和环境恶化。中美政策分歧与两者的认知差异密切相关。     

伊拉克战争与国际恐怖主义

美国声称为了反恐,发动了伊拉克战争.伊拉克战争是消灭了国际恐怖主义,还是加剧了国际恐怖主义?本文从伊拉克战争与国际恐怖主义的联系着手,总结了伊战之后国际恐怖主义的新特征,并分析了其泛滥的原因以及如何从根源上消灭国际恐怖主义.在当前错综复杂的国际形势中,研究此问题对维护我国自身的战略利益具有重要意义.     

Recruitment of foreign male and female fighters to Jihad: Morocco’s multifaceted counter-terror strategy

Field research on ‘young Moroccan Jihadists in Syria and Iraq from northern Morocco’ unexpectedly revealed the mundane factors behind their recruitment represented in the self-realization and the search for heroism, adventure and money, were the main reasons for the recruitment of young people in northern Morocco terrorist organizations, especially the Daesh. The religious factor is secondary. To combat terrorism and extremism which is spreading in the MENA region requires political will. Appropriate laws should be enacted as soon as possible and policies must be implemented to ensure border control, the closure of financing ports, propaganda platforms, anti-addiction, etc.     

冷战后中东恐怖主义的演变及发展趋势

冷战后,长期被掩盖的民族宗教矛盾骤然升温。中东恐怖主义呈现出极端民族主义和极端宗教主义彼此结合,恐怖主义国家化趋势凸显,恐怖主义从幕后走向台前,恐怖主义对象和组织趋于分化及恐怖主义手段的科技含量不断提高等特点。中东恐怖主义的泛滥同美国的中东霸权政策、民族极端主义和伊斯兰极端主义的兴起、全球化和软弱腐败的国家政权有关。随着美国大中东计划的进一步实施及“基地主义”影响的扩大,中东恐怖主义在短期内还会不断加剧。     

中东恐怖主义产生的原因

中东地区的恐怖主义产生和发展与其宗教、民族、历史、文化有密切关联。宗教极端主义分子常为他们的恐怖活动披上神圣的宗教外衣以实现其政治目的。中东地区的各种社会问题长期得不到公正解决加剧了不同宗教、文明间的碰撞，刺激了恐怖活动的发生。     

Fitting in: Group effects and the evolution of fundamentalism

We provide an evolutionary model of conflict based on dyadic interactions within and between individuals drawn from a society containing fundamentalists and “others.” Thus, the paper presents an asymmetric game representation of group effects. Fundamentalist control of society is inversely related to the degree of social stratification, and fundamentalists’ intolerance of others. If, however, fundamentalism can be feigned (by displaying certain traits), then fundamentalists must balance their intolerance and insularity to take power. The model provides a novel means for distinguishing democratic versus open societies. This leads to a central result characterizing how fair and open societies can peacefully contravene fundamentalism.     

中东恐怖主义和国际反恐合作现状

中东是当今世界受恐怖主义威胁最严重的地区之一。该地区传统安全问题与非传统安全相结合，恐怖主义问题与国家主权、民族冲突和宗教矛盾等纠缠在一起，虽然各国都在反恐，但成果非常有限。只有促进经济合作，增加中东国家在经济上的相互依赖，将人们的关注点从宗教、民族和政治事务转移到经济议题上来，才有可能建立一个较完备的地区反恐合作机制。