Women at work in workplaces designed for men: Anthropometry and ergonomics

This article considers one of the sources of stress faced by modern working women: that of having to work in environments largely designed for men. It outlines how this problem has arisen, and examines the different ways in which it can be overcome, pointing up some of the main ergonomic issues that should be addressed in the design of work environments and facilities.     

川东师范学堂与西南师范学院的组建

为实施新学制,培养师资,光绪三十二年(1906年)重庆创办了第一所正规的师范学校--官立川东师范学堂.民国建立后,该学堂改名为川东师范学校.1932年,该校设立乡村师范专修科.次年,专修科迁至沙坪坝磁器口,并先后改名为乡村建设学院、四川省立教育学院.1950年,四川省立教育学院与1940年创办的国立女子师范学院合并组建西南师范学院.1985年,西南师范学院更名为西南师范大学.     

中国传统工笔仕女画和浮世绘美人画在表现技法及构成形式上的比较

女性形象的创作在中国画中被称为“仕女画”,在日本画中被称作“美人画”。虽然中国仕女画与日本美人画两者的名称有差异、但在实质上,仍属于同一种绘画题材。而日本美人画胎息于中国唐代仕女画,长期受中国传统仕女画艺术风格的影响,并在其影响下不断发展。甚至被称为最具日本民族风格的浮世绘美人画,我们在透过其浮华的外表下,仍可清晰的观察到其内蕴亦深受中国传统工笔仕女绘画艺术影响的痕迹。本文旨在对现有资料收集整理的基础上,对中国传统工笔仕女画及日本浮世绘美人画的表现技法及构成形式做比较,研究、分析和讨论两者的异同,并结合实践经验和理论知识做一论述。     

理想女性与女性理想之间:高校高学历女教师角色压力及疏解

作为"传统的现代女人",高校高学历女教师有着强烈的自我发展需求、主体意识和成就动机,但在沉重的学术压力面前她们更容易出现职业倦怠;作为"现代的传统女人",未婚的高学历女教师往往面临"结构性剩余"的境地,已婚的高学历女教师则在事业与家庭之间作着"鱼与熊掌"的艰难选择。多种角色压力归根到底是由于传统社会期待与现代价值追求的冲突,疏解这些压力要全社会共同努力,推进社会性别文化的良性发展,高学历女教师自身也要对自我作理性认知,提高对不同角色的适应能力。     

论元代婚恋杂剧中女性形象的近世性

作为近世文学萌发期的代表性文学样式,元杂剧作品中当然不乏对个人权利和要求的渲染,女性形象对爱情和婚姻的追求是其中的一个重要侧面。但元杂剧中女性形象强烈的依附性人格无法使其承担太多重负,元杂剧作家们在她们身上和相关作品中努力试图的,只是在正统儒学式微的背景下,另辟蹊径,以达到教化的目的。元代婚恋杂剧中的女性形象是中国文学近世性复杂特征的充分体现。     

How managers’ risk perceptions affect their willingness to blame advisors as scapegoats

Managers spend considerable amounts of corporate money to hire consultants. The research proposes two potential benefits of consultants' advice: increasing decision accuracy and sharing responsibility with the advisor. In contrast to previous research, which has predominantly focused on factors influencing decisional accuracy, this paper evaluates the sharing of responsibility in the form of using an advisor as a scapegoat. We conduct an online experiment with 175 managers from German-speaking countries in an investment setting. We find that the presence of a potential scapegoat positively affects advice utilization in an economic boom but negatively affects such utilization in an economic crisis due to managers' varying risk perceptions. Managers' risk perceptions are the main drivers of scapegoating as a form of managerial blame avoiding decision-making. We contribute to management research and highlight managers’ opportunistic motives behind consulting (costly) advice.     

When does part-time employment allow managers with family responsibilities to stay on the career track? A vignette study among German managers

The present study examines the specific conditions under which part-time (PT) arrangements in managerial jobs allow parents with childcare responsibilities to stay on the career track. By integrating economic signaling theory and gender role congruity theory, a vignette study among German managers revealed that substantial PT hours, flexible working schedules, and flexible childcare arrangements positively influence decision makers’ personal promotion decisions. Further, we found a significant fatherhood bias with male PT managers receiving less favorable promotion decisions than female PT managers. The study further reveals that decision makers’ evaluations of managers’ levels of advancement motivation mediate several significant relationships. The paper discusses practical impactions and future research directions.     

Women’s experiences of birth trauma: A scoping review

BackgroundA high number of Australian women report experiencing traumatic birth events. Despite high incidence and potential wide spread and long-lasting effects, birth trauma is poorly recognised and insufficiently treated. Birth trauma can trigger ongoing psychosocial symptoms for women, including anxiety, tokophobia, bonding difficulties, relationship issues and PTSD. Additionally, women’s future fertility choices can be inhibited by birth trauma.AimTo summarize the existing literature to provide insight into women’s experiences of birth trauma unrelated to a specific pre-existing obstetric or contextual factor.MethodsThe review follows 5 stages of Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. 7 databases were searched using indexed terms and boolen operators. Data searching identified 1354 records, 5 studies met inclusion criteria.FindingsThree key themes emerged; (1) health care providers and the maternity care system. (2) Women’s sense of knowing and control. (3) Support.DiscussionContinuity of carer creates the foundations for facilitative interactions between care provider and woman which increases the likelihood of a positive birth experience. Women are able to gain a sense of feeling informed and being in control when empowering and individualized care is offered. Functional social supports and forms of debriefing promotes psychological processing and can enable post traumatic growth.ConclusionExisting literature highlights how birth trauma is strongly influenced by negative health care provider interactions and dysfunctional operation of the maternity care system. A lack of education and support limited informed decision-making, resulting in feelings of losing control and powerlessness which contributes to women’s trauma. Insufficient support further compounds women’s experiences.     

Uncovered and disrespected. A qualitative study of Jordanian women’s experience of privacy in birth

BackgroundPrivacy is related to a person’s sense of self and the need to be respected and it is a key factor that contributes to women’s satisfaction with their birth experiences.AimTo examine the meaning of privacy for Jordanian women during labour and birth.MethodA qualitative interpretive design was used. Data were collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 27 Jordanian women. Of these women, 20 were living in Jordan while seven were living in Australia (with birthing experience in both Jordan and Australia). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.ResultsThe phrase ‘there is no privacy’ captured women’s experience of birth in Jordanian public hospitals and in some private hospital settings. Women in public hospitals in Jordan had to share a room during their labour with no screening. This experience meant that they were, “lying there for everyone to see”, “not even covered by a sheet” and with doctors and others coming in and out of their room. This experience contrasted with birth experienced in Australia.ConclusionsThis study explicates the meaning of privacy to Jordanian women and demonstrates the impact of the lack of privacy during labour and birth. Seeking a birth in a private hospital in Jordan was one of the strategies that women used to gain privacy, although this was not always achieved. Some strategies were identified to facilitate privacy, such as being covered by a sheet; however, even simple practices are difficult to change in a patriarchal, medically dominated maternity system.     

Female labor force participation in the US: How is immigration shaping recent trends?

Women entered the paid workforce in unprecedented numbers during the 20th century. Yet recent years have been witness to a creeping reversal in women's labor force participation. Why did the revolution stall? In response to debates over a “natural” limit to women's employment, or a cultural backlash against the dual-breadwinner household, we consider an alternative explanation, namely whether immigration has slowed the growth in female labor force participation. Using CPS data from 1998 to 2018, we show that the increase in the share of immigrants and children of immigrants in the population has reduced overall female labor force participation. However, immigration accounts for relatively little of the retreat from the labor force. Instead, the compositional effect of population change is overshadowed by behavioral shifts that affect both natives and immigrants. Lower participation rates among native-born women accounts for most of the overall decline. Despite persistent differences, we also find substantial convergence in the labor force behavior of native-born and foreign-born women, which bodes well for the long-term economic incorporation of immigrants and their children.