透过“格式塔”看文学作品的模糊美

文学创作的最终目的是使读者能在阅读过程中产生审美感受,这一审美需要决定了文学语言的模糊性。格式塔心理学推崇整体,重视接受主体性,该学说中的整体、闭合与同构审美三原则不仅对读者品鉴文学作品的模糊美有很大的启发,同时也为文学作品模糊美感的生成机制提供了很好的解释。     

帝室与外家：西汉政治中的家族伦理

随着先秦封建宗法的衰败,秦汉帝国建立了皇帝制度。与之相随的,是西汉外戚势力的极大发展。从这一现象出发,本文试图探寻出一条理解中国传统政治中“家国关系”的新思路。基于对“恩泽侯表”、“百官公卿表”等史料中外戚受爵人数及方式,外戚为官者人数等的统计分析,并结合具体历史文献,本文认为,西汉外戚通过“以亲受爵”的方式广泛地占有社会身份等级中的上层地位,并占有三公九卿、“大司马***将军”等官职中相对大的比重,影响着整个西汉政治的发展。这种现象的产生,一方面同西汉分封同姓诸侯国所造成的中央势弱的“形势”有关,另一方面根源于以“亲亲”与“义”为根基的家族伦理,后者维系着姻亲家族间的支持,从而为西汉帝室与外戚之间联系的形成,奠定了基础。由此,我们可以一窥西汉政治中“家”与“国”的同构性。     

Isomorphism,Institutional Parochialism,and the Study of Social Movements

This study investigates whether the field of social movements is occupied by parochial concerns. Using a content analysis of two prominent journals that study social movements – Mobilization: An International Journal and Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social and Political Protest – it was found that the field is dominated by the study of Western movements, but is also relatively ‘worldly’ when compared to other academic sub-disciplines. Much work on the ‘global south’ is conducted by scholars who maintain personal associations and connections to regions of the world outside of the West. In addition, it was found that social movement scholars focus predominantly on the study of liberal movements as compared to conservative movements. The types of movements most commonly studied are also examined.     

Institutional processes of organizational culture

Queries into the creation of collective meaning through social processes arise in both organization culture and institutional theory. This paper applies DiMaggio and Powell’s (1983 DiMaggio, P.J. and Powell, W.W. 1983. The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48: 147–60. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) three isomorphic processes (mimetic, normative and coercive) from institutional theory to re‐think how structural and dynamic aspects of culture become nested, taken‐for‐granted and transmitted. We consider both acquiescence and resistance to isomorphic pressures in an effort to understand cultural persistence and transmission, forms of resistance to culture, change, the role of sub‐cultures and power usage through Oliver’s (1992 Oliver, C. 1992. The antecedents of de‐institutionalization. Organization Studies, 13: 563–88. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) de‐institutionalization thesis. Our purpose in applying isomorphic processes to organizational culture is to offer another layer of understanding enhanced by the growing body of research in institutional theory, bridge one division between micro and macro theory and provide some suggestions for future research.     

亲属法伦理本质的人性之维——由婚姻法司法解释（三）引发的思考

《婚姻法解释(三)》出台至今,备受争议,而对亲属法的定性及其深层阐释则是解决此问题的前提。亲属法的正当性问题体现为其定性问题。无论从"形式"与"实质"这一范畴还是从亲属法的正当性这一角度来进行思考和认定其定性问题,伦理本质都是对亲属法性质的当然回答。从历时性角度研究亲属法伦理本质的关键在于厘清人性是亲属法与其伦理的共同的、原初的出发点和对象。人性涵盖"人的动物性"和"人的特性"两重性,统摄人的生理需要和精神需要两层次,这些构造因素经由道德评价机制转化为婚姻家庭伦理,再同构化为亲属法规范。     

家国同构制度与伦理政治型文化

宗法制度孕育了伦理型文化,政治专制制度孕育了政治型文化。宗法制度和政治专制制度的有机结合,形成宗法专制制度,宗法专制制度孕育了"内圣外王"的伦理政治型文化。专制制度有利于确立中央集权政体,有利于社会的安定和发展;宗法制度具有很好的调节机制,有较大的弹性和再生功能。但宗法专制制度在中国延续两千多年,致使小农业和家庭手工业相结合的自然经济难以解体,阻碍了商品经济和市民阶层的发育发展。     

Using intersection matrices to identify graphical structure

Intersection matrices help identify the common graphical structure of two or more objects. They arise naturally in a variety of settings. Several examples of their use in a computer algebra environment are given. These include: simplifying an expression involving array products, automating cumulant calculations, determining the behaviour of an expected value operator and identifying model hierarchy in a factorial experiment. The emphasis is placed on the graphical structure, and the symmetry of arrays help reduce the complexity of the graphical problem.     

矩阵算子代数上的完全正映射

证明了二阶矩阵 C* 代数之间 *同构在满足辛群作用不变性时可表示为 C* 代数间的两个 *同构的直和 ,同时给出了矩阵 C*代数的一些类似数值矩阵的性质 .通过证明完全正映射的一个类似于 Krein- Milman定理的性质 ,给出了一个纯的完全正映射延拓的存在性证明 .     

营销渠道中的权威治理策略与渠道投机行为:非线性关系的实证检验

文章基于交易成本理论、资源依赖理论与社会交换理论,利用问卷调查得到的制造商数据,探索了权威治理策略与投机行为之间的非线性关系.研究发现,企业不同程度地使用不同类型的权威治理策略会带来差异性的投机行为治理结果.具体表现为:企业使用权威治理策略中的强制性权力,对渠道伙伴投机行为的影响呈现出先加重后减轻的倒U型关系;企业使用权威治理策略中的非强制性权力,对渠道伙伴投机行为的影响则呈现出先减轻后加重的U型关系.企业只有高强度地使用强制性权力或低强度地使用非强制性权力才能有效控制渠道投机行为.文章结论在明晰权威治理策略与渠道投机行为之间的具体关系以及统一现有研究矛盾结论的同时,对渠道成员合理选择并使用权威治理策略制定渠道决策,规范渠道中的投机行为具有重要的意义.     

Indicators of State Formation: With a Discussion of the State Theory Based on the Four-Tiered Settlement Hierarchy

在古代中国, 在夏商周时期的上古社会, 邦君与贵族领地或采邑之间的某种隶属 关系并不等于秦汉以后郡县制下中央与地方的那种具有行政级别的行政管理关系。那 种只有具有四级聚落等级形态才表示国家已形成的理论是有局限性的, 它并不能说明 国家是否产生这一问题的实质, 因而也不应作为衡量的标准。将聚落考古学与社会形 态学结合起来研究古代国家和文明的起源, 固然要对聚落的等级做出划分, 同时还必 须对史前社会组织、等级、阶层、阶级的产生、权力性质的演变等因素进行多方面的 考察。因此, 将阶层阶级的出现和凌驾于全社会之上的强制性权力的设立作为国家形 成的标志是最具特征性的, 而且在考古学上可以找到其依据和物化形式, 因而具有可 操作性。

关键词: 四级聚落等级形态 阶层和阶级 强制性权力

In ancient China, in Xia, Shang and Zhou society, the relationship of subordination between the head of a state and the territories or fiefdoms of the nobles was not equivalent to the administrative relationship between the central government and the localities under the system of prefectures and counties introduced in Qin and Han times. Any theory of state formation based solely on a four-tiered settlement hierarchy is limited; it fails to explain the essential question of whether a state has come into being, and thus cannot be regarded as a criterion for judgment. It is true that in integrating settlement archaeology with social morphology in research on the origins of the ancient state and civilization, we need to classify settlement hierarchies. At the same time, however, we still need to conduct extensive research into the appearance of prehistoric social organizations, hierarchies, strata and classes, as well as the evolution of the nature of power, etc. Therefore, it is the emergence of strata and classes and the establishment of a coercive power that stands over and above society that are the most characteristic indicators of state formation. Further, we can provide archaeological grounds and materialized forms for this approach, which thus possesses operability.