行业协会——从制度经济学视角的解读

如果考虑到现实世界中的交易费用和信息的问题,无论是公共还是私人部门都将面临交易成本,委托代理和集体行动的困境,现实表明行业协会作为一种制度安排能够有效解决上述问题,本文指出行业协会有助于财产权利的实施和监督,并能提供公共服务,协调协会会员企业之间的冲突和提供人员培训,上述功能的实施则与选择性激励,会员密度,会员之间的协调机制和职员与会员之间的关系有关.     

公司治理结构的理论基础：完全契约和不完全契约的比较分析

现代契约理论是近20年来发展起来的主流经济学最前沿的研究领域,而公司治理结构问题近年来也已成为企业理论研究的主要对象,围绕公司治理结构的理论诠释,不同的契约理论分支有着不同的观点,本文对于完全契约和不完全契约的理论框架在关于公司治理结构这一问题上的差别和融合进行比较分析,同时也对不同契约理论有关公司治理结构的研究进行了梳理并给子了简要的评述。     

电子商务环境下物流配送模式研究

随着互联网的普及以及信息技术的不断发展 ,电子商务的热潮方兴未艾。这使得跨国物流和跨区域物流更加频繁 ,对物流的需求会更加强烈。但是我国的物流基础设施及技术水平落后 ,供应商(或制造商 )以及客户之间没有形成供应链 ,配送效率低下 ,这些因素成为制约电子商务在我国开展的瓶颈。本文针对电子商务环境 ,就如何结合中国国情发展与之相适应的物流配送模式 ,降低物流成本 ,提高配送效率进行探讨。     

论和谐文化的社会功能

和谐社会内在地包含着一种价值观念、行为规范和文化品格,即和谐文化。和谐文化是指以和谐为思想内核、基本原则和价值导向的观念体系。作为社会和谐的文化升华,和谐文化主要有价值导向、实践规范、精神整合、环境协调、智力扶持、思维方法等社会功能。     

贸易政策背后的政府目标及其函数度量:理论评述

对于政府目标函数,新古典经济学将政府视为慈善的专制者,而公共选择学派则偏重于对不同利益集团的考察,两者都只揭示了政府目标函数的某一部分的特性。以G-H模型为代表的串谋型政府模式将两者结合于自己的分析框架内,因而具有较强的政策博弈预测性。最后,对G-H模型进行的拓展研究表明,应不断加强政府自身的建设并尽量降低利益集团对贸易政策的影响权重。     

基于价值创造的企业战略联盟的形成分析

企业战略联盟作为介于市场和企业间的组织形式体现了新的价值创造过程,本文以价值链理论为基础,通过组织费用和交易成本的分析提出企业组织创新模式——战略联盟,进而深入分析战略联盟的优势风险模型,探讨了战略联盟的形成原因和构建过程。     

政策认知、社会资本与农民工求职交易费用

采用2014年农民工发展调查数据,运用对数线性回归模型、零膨胀负二项回归模型分析了政策认知、社会资本对农民工求职交易费用的影响。实证结果显示,政策认知和社会资本并非完全降低交易费用。不了解户籍制度的影响降低了求职交易费用,但了解《劳动合同法》和最低工资标准显著提高了签订合同所用时间和次数。心情不好向公职人员倾诉或休闲时与公职人员在一起降低签合同所用时间和次数,但向公职人员求助会提高找工作时间和花费资金。     

品类个性的形成与作用机理

现有产品分类法没有反映消费者品类需求的差异,不能很好指导行业营销实践,而品类个性的提出为品类特性研究提供了全新的思路。本研究对影响品类个性形成的因素以及品类个性对品牌个性和品牌传播的影响进行逻辑分析,探索性地提出了解释品类个性形成和作用机理的结构模型。研究表明,消费需要类型、产品物理形式和产品生命周期等3个因素影响了品类个性的形成,所得到的品类个性可采用维度的方法描述。品类个性对品牌个性的选择和品牌传播的设计起指导作用。     

如何有效控制工程项目成本的探讨

在建工程项目成本是发生在一个工程项目中的生产费用总和。它是按一定程序和规定的计算方法归集。抓住工程项目成本控制这个环节,可以及时发现工程项目建设和管理中存在的问题,更好采取措施,充分调动人力和物力,降低工程项目成本。降低项目成本必须作好合理分工,动用合理技术措施,制定合理成本计划,加强合同管理。     

M-quantile models with application to poverty mapping

Over the last decade there has been growing demand for estimates of population characteristics at small area level. Unfortunately, cost constraints in the design of sample surveys lead to small sample sizes within these areas and as a result direct estimation, using only the survey data, is inappropriate since it yields estimates with unacceptable levels of precision. Small area models are designed to tackle the small sample size problem. The most popular class of models for small area estimation is random effects models that include random area effects to account for between area variations. However, such models also depend on strong distributional assumptions, require a formal specification of the random part of the model and do not easily allow for outlier robust inference. An alternative approach to small area estimation that is based on the use of M-quantile models was recently proposed by Chambers and Tzavidis (Biometrika 93(2):255–268, 2006) and Tzavidis and Chambers (Robust prediction of small area means and distributions. Working paper, 2007). Unlike traditional random effects models, M-quantile models do not depend on strong distributional assumption and automatically provide outlier robust inference. In this paper we illustrate for the first time how M-quantile models can be practically employed for deriving small area estimates of poverty and inequality. The methodology we propose improves the traditional poverty mapping methods in the following ways: (a) it enables the estimation of the distribution function of the study variable within the small area of interest both under an M-quantile and a random effects model, (b) it provides analytical, instead of empirical, estimation of the mean squared error of the M-quantile small area mean estimates and (c) it employs a robust to outliers estimation method. The methodology is applied to data from the 2002 Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) in Albania for estimating (a) district level estimates of the incidence of poverty in Albania, (b) district level inequality measures and (c) the distribution function of household per-capita consumption expenditure in each district. Small area estimates of poverty and inequality show that the poorest Albanian districts are in the mountainous regions (north and north east) with the wealthiest districts, which are also linked with high levels of inequality, in the coastal (south west) and southern part of country. We discuss the practical advantages of our methodology and note the consistency of our results with results from previous studies. We further demonstrate the usefulness of the M-quantile estimation framework through design-based simulations based on two realistic survey data sets containing small area information and show that the M-quantile approach may be preferable when the aim is to estimate the small area distribution function.