The impacts of environmental and climate targets on agriculture: Policy options in Italy

This study is aimed at proposing a model to assess the economic private costs for farms deriving from the implementation of some of the environmental targets set by the European Farm to Fork strategy and the objective of a carbon-neutral agricultural sector, by also evaluating the synergies and trade-offs between environmental objectives. An agro-economic supply model, based on mathematical programming and microdata from the Farm Accountancy Data Network, is used. The model is applied to Italian agriculture as a case study. Results show losses in added value, higher level of resource efficiency and synergies among different targets. Policy implications include exploiting the synergies and accompanying the transition with measures aimed at compensating the most impacted sectors.     

大力发展清洁能源 全面实施节能减排

节能减排是我国“十一五”期间保持经济健康、协调、可持续发展的重要支点，更是我国转变经济发展方式的关键和保证。为此，必须大力发展新型清洁能源，运用金融工具促进节能减排工作的不断深入，建立有效的节能减排激励机制，制定有针对性的各种节能减排对策措施。     

Vehicle Emission Unit Risk Factors for Transportation Risk Assessments

When the transportation risk posed by shipments of hazardous chemical and radioactive materials is being assessed, it is necessary to evaluate the risks associated with both vehicle emissions and cargo-related risks. Diesel exhaust and fugitive dust emissions from vehicles transporting hazardous shipments lead to increased air pollution, which increases the risk of latent fatalities in the affected population along the transport route. The estimated risk from these vehicle-related sources can often be as large or larger than the estimated risk associated with the material being transported. In this paper, data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Motor Vehicle-Related Air Toxics Study are first used to develop latent cancer fatality estimates per kilometer of travel in rural and urban areas for all diesel truck classes. These unit risk factors are based on studies investigating the carcinogenic nature of diesel exhaust. With the same methodology, the current per-kilometer latent fatality risk factor used in transportation risk assessments for heavy diesel trucks in urban areas is revised and the analysis expanded to provide risk factors for rural areas and all diesel truck classes. These latter fatality estimates may include, but are not limited to, cancer fatalities and are based primarily on the most recent epidemiological data available on mortality rates associated with ambient air PM-10 concentrations.     

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on China’s Environment: An Empirical Study Based on Industrial Panel Data

Abstract

在Copeland-Taylor模型的基础上引入技术因素,将外国直接投资(FDI)对东 道国的环境影响分解为规模效应、结构效应和技术效应三种机制,并结合中国2001-2009年36个工业行业的面板数据, 运用结构计量模型和系统广义矩估计方法对FDI进 入程度与污染排放的关系进行经验检验,可以发现: FDI无论是在总体上还是分行业上 都有利于减少我国工业的污染排放,其主要原因在于, FDI通过技术引进与扩散带来 的正向技术效应超过了负向的规模效应与结构效应。此外,中国当前的外资进入程度 距离以环保为目标的最优水平还有一段空间,因此应积极鼓励具有环保技术优势的外 资企业的进入, 实现节能减排和可持续发展的战略目标。

关键词: 外国直接投资 污染排放

This study introduces the technological factor into the Copeland-Taylor model and decomposes the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the environment of the host country into three mechanisms: scale effect, structural effect and technological effect. It also draws on the panel data from 36 Chinese industries in 2001-2009 and uses a structural econometric model and the SYS-GMM to explore the relationship between the level of FDI inflow and pollutant emissions. The major finding of the study is that FDI helps reduce industrial pollutant emissions both in general and in specific industries, because the positive technological effect of FDI brought about by introduction and expansion of technology is greater than the negative scale and structural effects. Furthermore, since the level of FDI inflow still lags behind the optimal level for environmental protection in China, we should encourage the entry of foreign-invested enterprises with technological advantages in environmental protection, so as to achieve the strategic goals of energy conservation, emissions reduction and sustained development.     

能源转型视域下“零碳乡村”的可行性和环保性——以陕西关中C县F村为例

农业、农村、农民问题关系着经济社会发展的全局，农村能源转型是推动社会可持续发展的重要支点。以陕西关中C县F村生活能源消费和碳排放为切入点，构建起基于“碳源—碳汇”平衡及“碳中和”评价框架的“零碳乡村”实践理念，通过对427户农户家庭进行问卷调查和入户走访，掌握第一手数据及资料，对F村能源消费结构、碳排放量、分布式可再生能源利用方式进行详细分析。结果表明:目前该村农户的炊事、取暖等生活能源仍以煤炭、秸杆、柴薪等固体燃料为主，可再生清洁能源使用量几乎为零；农户环保意识强但环保常识匮乏；结合关中地区资源禀赋特性认为，利用分布式光伏发电替代传统能源具有可行性，户均安装分布式光伏规模2.34千瓦即可实现清洁能源替代和零碳化，户均安装分布式光伏5千瓦，不仅能实现能源自给，还有具大的收益空间；F村商品性能源碳排放比例高于非商品性能源，其中，散煤燃烧碳排放占比在47%~50%之间，用分布式光伏发电代替传统的秸杆、煤炭、柴薪、煤电等，可为环境减排1 225.6吨~1 436吨的CO₂，环保性能突出。     

京津冀货运碳排放效率分析--基于超效率SBM模型及ML指数

基于已有的交通碳排放相关研究,使用超效率SBM模型及ML指数动态效率分解对货运碳排放效率进行针对性研究,试图阐明目前京津冀区域的货运碳排放效率现状,并追踪其效率水平差异存在的原因。结果显示:北京、天津货运碳排放效率较高,河北货运碳排放效率较低且与北京、天津差距较大,均呈现下降趋势;北京、天津货运碳排放效率降低主要来自于技术进步指数降低,而河北则受技术效率指数降低的影响较大。因此,京津冀需要不断优化货运结构,推进货运系统低碳技术应用及推动发展多式联运,以实现货运的节能减排目标。     

甘肃省碳排放影响因素分析与低碳发展研究

我国承诺到2020年单位GDP二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%⁴5%,这一减排目标最终会分摊到各个省区,由于各省区的发展条件不同,碳排放模式和减排政策也有很大的差异性。在前人相关研究的基础上,根据中国国情将Kaya恒等式作适当的修正与扩展,引入城镇化和森林覆盖率因素,通过LMDI分解方法,对甘肃碳排放的影响因素作定量分析。分析结果表明:影响甘肃碳排放的三个主要因素依次是单位能源消费的碳排放量、城镇化水平和能源强度。根据甘肃经济社会发展的阶段性特征与省情,提出发展低碳经济的若干建议。     

珠三角FDI与碳排放相关性测评——基于区域发展时滞与产业结构演变视角的分析

珠三角FDI依赖程度与碳排放总量均位居全国前列,深入研究二者关系有利于提高外资利用水平与加快节能减排进程。通过区域发展时滞视角,运用协整EG两步法、误差修正模型以及灰色关联度方法,发现珠三角经济对于FDI的依赖程度不断增强,FDI方向发生积极转变,但外资对碳排放的正向影响在长期内加强;FDI投入与能源消费结构向第三产业偏移,说明第三产业在外资利用方式与内容上较为粗放;第三产业对FDI的吸收超过第二产业成为趋势,但其发展方式、内容与外资引进结构仍然存在不足;主要耗能产业碳排放量与FDI相关性随经济发展出现上升趋势,表明经济发展方式仍然较为粗放。     

内蒙古碳排放与经济增长的脱钩分析

目前,我国各地区政府都非常重视二氧化碳的减排问题,并且一直都在寻找适合本地区发展的低碳经济模式,碳排放与经济增长之间的关系是环境经济学重要的研究领域,研究两者之间的关系,有利于促进低碳经济的发展。本文以内蒙古2001—2011年的人均CO2排放量与人均GDP为研究对象,利用脱钩理论对二者之间的关系进行短期变动趋势分析。     

长沙市碳排放与影响因素的拟合变动分析

科学认识城市碳排放的影响因素及其存在的相关性,再有效制定碳减排对策的重要基础。利用相关系数法定量测定了长沙市碳排放与其影响因素之间的相关性关系,并利用岭回归分析方法对城市碳排放与其影响因素进行了定量变动分析。研究结果表明：在城市化快速推进的背景下,长沙市碳排放的影响因素按其对模型的解释能力依次是总人口（0.750 4）、单位GDP能耗（0.371 9）、城市化率（0.272 0）以及城市居民人均消费支出（0.145 2）。