杰克·伦敦“狗的小说”与自然主义

杰克·伦敦“狗的小说”的创作具有鲜明的自然主义倾向。他在塑造狗形象 ,揭示狗之性格形成和发展方面 ,明白无误地遵从了左拉倡导的遗传决定论和环境决定论。本文以《野性的呼唤》、《白牙》这两个最具代表性的中篇为主进行论述。     

Changes in Population,Affluence, and Environmental Pressures During Industrialization: The Case of Austria 1830–1995

This paper relates changes in aggregate population, affluence (measured as GDP), and indicators for environmental pressures, the latter being based upon the socioeconomic metabolism concept, for Austria from 1830 to 1995. During this period of time Austria underwent a transition from a predominantly agricultural mode of substistence to an industrial economy. The Austrian population increased by a factor of 2.3, total GDP by a factor of 28.2 and per capita GDP by a factor of 12.2. Environmental indicators change by factors of between 0.85 and over 1000. In general we find that although efficiencies (environmental pressure per unit of GDP) increased dramatically, total environmental pressures increased considerably for most indicators, except for those that are related to an agricultural mode of subsistence. Our results indicate that environmental policies that aim to reduce the environmental pressure per unit of GDP (i.e., increase ecological efficiency) are not likely to be sufficient for sustainable development because efficiency gains are more than compensated for by increases in affluence. Instead, sustainability policy should focus on reducing total environmental pressures.     

新型城镇化建设与城市低碳治理——基于国家新型城镇化综合试点政策实施的准自然实验

新型城镇化是消除快速城镇化弊端、科学推进城镇化发展的重要抓手。利用2007—2019年206个地级及以上城市数据,以国家新型城镇化综合试点政策的实施为新型城镇化建设的准自然实验,运用多期双重差分方法实证分析了新型城镇化建设对城市低碳治理的影响。研究发现：新型城镇化建设显著抑制了城市碳排放,国家新型城镇化综合试点政策促使试点城市的碳排放强度平均下降了3.02%,并且随着政策的推进其效果逐渐增强。异质性分析发现,新型城镇化建设仅对东部城市、中部城市以及大城市的碳排放强度具有显著的抑制作用。机制分析发现,新型城镇化建设主要通过抑制城市蔓延、促进经济集聚、强化环境规制降低城市碳排放强度。因此,建议地方政府加快推进新型城镇化多维目标考核,加大节约集约用地与环境监管力度,探索区域间差异化的新型城镇化推进路径,最终实现城镇的低碳发展。     

可持续发展—新的发展观

可持续发展作为一种新的发展观,已成为指导各国社会经济发展的战略模式。本文在分析传统经济增长观弊端及对其历史过程反思的基础上 ,分析论述了可持续发展的发展观的内涵 ,指出了可持续发展战略是人类社会生存和发展的唯一选择     

Household environmental protection and the intergenerational transmission of human capital

The estimated discount rate of parents is used to test a choice-based intergenerational model of the contribution of environment to the cognitive skills of a child of a given endowment. A lower parental discount rate is shown to imply higher cognitive skills of the young child. In the context of the model, estimates also imply that environmental conditions and human capital formation are not separable. Lesser environmental quality raises the costs of human capital formation in children and lesser human capital reduces parents' demand for environmental quality. Environmental quality differences among families, just like genetic differences, may persist across generations.     

Safety Risk Analysis of an Innovative Environmental Technology

The authors describe a decision and risk analysis performed for the cleanup of a large Department of Energy mixed-waste subsurface disposal area governed by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). In a previous study, the authors worked with the site decision makers, state regulators, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regional regulators to develop a CERCLA-based multiobjective decision analysis value model and used the model to perform a screening analysis of 28 remedial alternatives. The analysis results identified an innovative technology, in situ vitrification, with high effectiveness versus cost. Since this technology had not been used on this scale before, the major uncertainties were contaminant migration and pressure buildup. Pressure buildup was a safety concern due to the potential risks to worker safety. With the help of environmental technology experts remedial alternative changes were identified to mitigate the concerns about contaminant migration and pressure buildup. The analysis results showed that the probability of an event with a risk to worker safety had been significantly reduced. Based on these results, site decision makers have refocused their test program to examine in situ vitrification and have continued the use of the CERCLA-based decision analysis methodology to analyze remedial alternatives.     

The Effects of Environmental Regulations on the Productivity of Large Companies: An Empirical Analysis of the Spanish Case

This article provides evidence to the debateabout whether or not investments designated forcompliance with environmental performance andtechnology standards favor or harm the workproductivity of companies. A panel data modelis analyzed, which panel refers to 53 largeSpanish companies quoted on the stock exchangeand that have participated in a subsidizedenvironmental protection program during the1990–1995 period, specifically in theIndustrial and Technological Program for theEnvironment (PITMA). A Cobb-Douglas productionfunction is used to relate the workproductivity to a measure of the pollutionabatement investment dedicated to compliancewith standards. The resulting negativecoefficient, although close to zero, should notbe interpreted as a result derived from justany kind of regulation, but rather a result ofthe kind of regulation analyzed in this work,meaning the command and control regulation thatoften binds companies to make environmentalinvestments that are not productive in theconventional economic sense, although they areproductive in terms of environmental quality.In addition, and in order to specify the kindof company to which the conclusions of thispaper are applicable, the characteristics ofthe companies that participated in PITMA areanalyzed comparatively with companies that didnot participate.     

以德治国体现了中国先进文化的前进方向

以德治国是体现中国先进文化前进方向的治国理念,它要求发挥道德在治国、育人中的作用,发挥德治的教化力、环境力和觉悟力.建立新型的道德体系必须继承和弘扬中华民族的优良传统,顺应世界文明发展大潮,坚持社会主义的原则,德法并举.     

浅谈我国社区发展对学校心理教育的环境作用

本文从社区经济、文化和教育发展 3个方面探讨了社区发展对学校心理教育的环境作用。     

环境法的伦理基础：可持续发展观 ——兼论“人与自然和谐共处”的思想

环境道德和生态伦理主张“人与自然和谐共处”的思想,与“人类中心主义”和“自然中心主义”有着本质区别;传统发展伦理观不符合“人与自然和谐共处”的思想,不利于社会的可持续发展;可持续发展观的灵魂在于人与环境相融、和谐的意识,及在生态法则和道德法则衡平基础上的新的环境价值观念和伦理道德;生态法则与道德法则应进行衡平,这种衡平乃环境法价值理念的伦理基础。