Singlehood,Waiting, and the Sociology of Time1

This article explores how a temporal analysis of singlehood can contribute both to new conceptualizations of singlehood as well as to the study of social time. Prevalent interpretations of waiting single women offer a useful case study as they highlight the temporal organization of social life. Waiting is examined as an interactive setting representing and producing societal symbols, timetables, and collective schedules. Furthermore, this particular form of waiting is mostly featured as an unexpected delay and, accordingly, strengthens the widespread understanding of singlehood as a temporary and transitory life phase. Based on a content analysis, this article seeks to theorize some of the temporal aspects of singlehood, analyze its discursive implications, and study how it reflects and structures dominant discourses of family and social life.     

经典信度理论和概化理论的计量学透视

从计量学的角度分析了经典信度理论和概化理论的局限、错误和无力,并重点揭示了经典理论和概化理论几个方面的问题.经典理论由于采用了相关分析进路,既无力应对多不确定度源的测量情景,也无法较好地满足实践对条件不确定度的要求.概化理论虽然可以同时考虑多个不确定度源,但由于技术上采用了方差分析进路,即使使用得当,也不能够很好地解决条件不确定度问题.     

Identity processes in the global era: the case of young immigrants living in Italy

The paper explores processes of identity construction in young people of foreign origin living in Italy. The aim was to understand how youth construct their selves in the global era, characterized by an increase in the possibility of choosing but also in the perception of uncertainty; how they perceive this uncertainty, whether as a chance to construct multifaceted and continually changing identities or as a source of insecurity and loss for their identity. Drawing on 46 in-depth interviews, the research reveals that young people of foreign origin are continually shaping their identities mixing different cultural repertories related to their – or their parents’ – homeland, to the host country, global cultures and youth cultures. Several patterns of identity emerge and they are linked to different perception of uncertainty. A typology of these patterns was developed: young people construct flexible identities or hyphenated identities, or move from a fixed identity to an undefined identity. These types of identity are respectively associated with the perception of uncertainty as a resource, as a constraint, finally with a strategy of reducing or eliminating uncertainty.     

WTO框架下科学不确定性问题研究

WTO作为多边体制的支柱,不仅规定了货物、服务贸易,而且包括了动植物检验检疫、环境保护等涉及科学技术的领域,但WTO对这些领域的规定含混不清,导致各国对规则的解释往往采用了非统一的科学技术界定标准,这种技术标准成为贸易保护的正当性借口,在实践中许多国家以WTO之名行贸易保护之实。从某种意义上说,全球化肇始的标志是WTO体系,全球化的进一步发展则有赖于对WTO规则的进一步诠释,在环境保护、动植物检验检疫领域采取统一科学证据要件判定体系就成为了支撑WTO自由贸易精神的一个重要制度保障。     

试论民营企业资本运营的不稳定性

中国经济三分天下,民营居其一。在民营企业一定资本运营过程中由于自身特点的局限,对资本运营概念的认识不清,缺乏核心能力,以及资本运营的不独立性,使得资本运营出现了不稳定性。资本运营的目的是挖掘企业潜力,培育和增强企业核心竞争力；资本运营中的核心能力是现在民营企业里所缺乏的科技竞争力；民营资本在资本运营中缺乏独立性,使民营资本的产业经营发展受到诸多限制,影响民营资本的加速扩张和走向国际竞争。     

全球化背景下我国企业的自主知识产权能力建构分析

全球化背景下,我国企业尤其是高新技术企业必须提升知识产权能力,以保持可持续竞争优势.本文从企业知识产权能力与动态能力的逻辑关系出发,探讨了知识产权能力的含义,将企业知识产权能力分为负值型、防御型、整合型、利润型四种不同的发展阶段或状态.进一步分析了目前我国企业面临能级低、结构失衡、风险偏大的知识产权能力困境,并从与自身技术研发及市场拓展能力相匹配、建立动态管理机制、组合运用知识产权工具、营造知识产权文化等四个方面探讨企业如何构建自主知识产权能力.     

来自模糊中的准确--简析比喻修辞格的模糊性特征及其语用效果

比喻具有一种模糊性,它主要体现在比喻的构成、比喻的使用、人们对比喻的理解、情与景关系等方面的不确定性上.这种模糊性的构建策略主要是利用语言及客观事物本身的模糊和人们的认知局限(模糊的心理).比喻的模糊性特征能达到独特的语用效果的目的.     

怀疑主义与认知价值

当代知识论越来越重视认知价值的研究，但从认知价值角度去重新思考传统怀疑主义问题的研究却很少。历史上的怀疑主义者既认为我们无法拥有任何知识，又主张我们应该悬置判断。因此，他们不仅预设了一个高的知识标准，而且预设了一个价值标准：任何达不到知识标准的认知状态都是没有认知价值的。但这个价值标准是错误的，所以我们即使无法达到怀疑主义者所设定的知识标准，也不必悬置判断。假设怀疑主义者认为我们无法拥有任何知识，同时认可“有些达不到知识标准的认知状态也有认知价值”，那么怀疑主义就没有很大的威胁性，因为即使我们无法获取知识，也可以获得具有认知价值的东西，取得认知进步。此外，摩尔主义、语境主义、溯因主义这几种对怀疑主义的主要回应是否成功，最终都依赖于对认知价值的讨论。     

Uncertain Benefits Estimates for Reductions in Fine Particle Concentrations

The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) estimates of the benefits of improved air quality, especially from reduced mortality associated with reductions in fine particle concentrations, constitute the largest category of benefits from all federal regulation over the last decade. EPA develops such estimates, however, using an approach little changed since a 2002 report by the National Research Council (NRC), which was critical of EPA's methods and recommended a more comprehensive uncertainty analysis incorporating probability distributions for major sources of uncertainty. Consistent with the NRC's 2002 recommendations, we explore alternative assumptions and probability distributions for the major variables used to calculate the value of mortality benefits. For metropolitan Philadelphia, we show that uncertainty in air quality improvements and in baseline mortality have only modest effects on the distribution of estimated benefits. We analyze the effects of alternative assumptions regarding the value of reducing mortality risk, whether the toxicity is above or below the average for fine particles, and whether there is a threshold in the concentration‐response relationship, and show these assumptions all have large effects on the distribution of benefits.