论苏区邮政检查的操作方法与纪律

为了获得情报,肃清内奸,加强宣传,反制敌方邮检,苏区实行了邮检制度。邮检对象包括：密写、密函信件,记录有军政情报内容的胶卷、录音带、录像带、报刊杂志,夹藏有显微点以及炸弹、毒品、恐吓信、内容反动的信件或者出版物。邮检方式主要有四种。对受检邮件的处理方式有三种。总之,苏区对邮检极为重视,除严格选拔邮检员外,还制定了纪律,操作也较规范。     

Manipulating motivating operations to facilitate the emergence of mands for a child with autism

Research on the functional independence of verbal operants (Skinner, 1957) has demonstrated inconsistent findings. One explanation may be that these studies have not manipulated the motivating operation (MO) to facilitate the emergence of mands (Hall & Sundberg, 1987; Lamarre & Holland, 1985). In the current study, 1 participant, diagnosed with autism, was taught to tact high-preference and low-preference leisure items, and emergence of mands was tested under varying MO conditions. Results showed the emergence of mands following periods of arranged deprivation, and greater maintenance for a highly preferred relative to a less preferred stimulus. However, mands only emerged when presession tact trials were conducted. These results suggest that in a state of deprivation, transfer of stimulus control from discriminative to motivational conditions may occur without direct training.     

工学结合的《水泥粉磨设备操作》课程标准开发

通过深入用人单位调研,明确了职业岗位的典型工作任务和职业岗位对人才的能力素质要求,以典型工作任务为载体将课程划分成多个相互联系的学习情境,将专业能力、方法能力和社会能力的培养贯穿于各个学习情境的教学中。     

鲍德里亚的消费经济批判及其艺术性变革

在鲍德里亚看来,当代社会在经济现象形态方面表现为消费经济的活跃,需要进行符号经济学批判。当代消费经济具有独特的运行机制,是将各种商品都转化为符号体系的过程,这既是资本的进一步扩展、资本增值的实然逻辑,又是技术理性的渗透、媒介信息的传播,还是物体系的形成、拜物教的深化。消费经济及其奢侈文化从大都市扩散到世界各地,推动了当代商业的发展。当代消费经济令人与人之间关系冷漠,围绕人的不再是实际物品,而是众多意义,需要用结构主义符号学分析其运行机制,采用艺术性变革的方式消除消费异化。艺术能够建构具有救赎作用的乌托邦,不应只为了满足感官刺激,而要通向真理之路,唤醒人的创造潜能,改造消费社会的不合理机制。     

创新理念 推进自治制度运行和自治地方治理现代化

Deepening reform, promoting the rule of law, and implementing the “Five Develop￣ment ” concepts have had a deep influence on the modernization of governance in ethnic autonomous regions. Based on a review of 30 years of success￣ful experiences in implementing ethnic regional au￣tonomous law, and focusing on the concepts of“innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing”, we need to conduct in -depth research on the ways to:promote governance by law, realize the modernization of governance;and promote the efficient implementation of ethnic autonomous systems in the ethnic autonomous re￣gion.
The 155 ethnic autonomous areas of China cover 64% of the total area of the country. There￣fore, the governance of the country cannot be a￣chieved without modernizing the governance in the ethnic autonomous regions. Modernizing the gov￣ernance in ethnic autonomous regions is a necessa￣ry element for modernizing the governance of the nation. The modernization of the ethnic autono￣mous regions actually means the legalization of the governance in ethnic autonomous areas, which is a main part of the legalization of the ethnic affairs.
The comprehensive, deepening of reform, and promoting governance by law have been strongly promoted. We should start from reality, respect differences, and take the development concepts of“innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing” into consideration so as to promote the ef￣ficient implementation of ethnic regional autono￣mous systems through various methods. We should update our concepts, weaken specificity, solidify locality, intensify new thinking, innovate the run￣ning of ethnic autonomous systems, and promote the modernization of governance in ethnic autono￣mous regions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the theories and practices used since the imple￣mentation of ethnic regional autonomous regula￣tions, and under the premise of intensifying “the legalization of ethnic affairs”, we should deepen the comprehensive reform of the ethnic autonomous regions, comprehensively promote the governance by law, and realize the goal of building a moder￣ately prosperous society as scheduled through im￣proving and innovating the running of ethnic re￣gional autonomous systems.
“Ethnic areas are districts with rich resources and water sources; they are ecological screen zones, cultural characteristic zones, border areas, and poor areas.” At the same time, due to histori￣cal, social and natural factors,“the natural condi￣tions of most ethnic areas are not good; their be￣ginning phase of development is low; they have many historical debts; they are located far away from the central markets and urban areas;their ur￣ban-rural gap is very obvious”, and “their gap with the eastern areas ( of China) is growing larger and larger”. The reform and the promotion of gov￣ernance by law in ethnic autonomous areas should put more emphasis on locality, ethnicity and “au￣tonomy”. Of course, we must avoid of “artificial￣ly” intensifying ethnic consciousness, and creating ethnic “differences”. Meanwhile, we should “im￣prove the capability for legal management of ethnic affairs”, “intensify the construction of laws and regulations related to ethnic work”, “legally han￣dle those issues involving ethnic factors”, “insist on resolving issues involving ethnic factors by the law, and avoid of regarding civil and criminal problems related to ethnic people as ethnic prob￣lems, or regarding common disputes in ethnic are￣as as ethnic problems. ”
We should affirm that China’s ethnic relations are harmonious, and that their economics are de￣veloping rapidly. Since the implementation of the policy of “reform and opening -up”, especially since 2005 , the economics in ethnic autonomous regions have developed dramatically; the people’s living conditions have continuously improved;bas￣ic infrastructure has significantly speeded up; and ecological protection has solidly improved. Howev￣er, the problems still prevail. For example, the poverty in ethnic areas is still serious—there are more than 25 million poor in ethnic rural areas. Therefore, the task of poverty alleviation is still very tough. In addition, the gap between urban and rural areas and between different regions is very large in ethnic autonomous regions. Finally, the rate of urbanization is very low.
In sum, during the process of modernizing so￣cial governance in ethnic autonomous regions, we must pay full attention to the five“stage character￣istics” of ethnic work in China which are the:( i) co - existence of opportunities and challenges brought by the “reform and opening -up” policy and the socialist market economy;( ii) co-exist￣ence of the state’s constant support to the ethnic ar￣eas and its low level of development; ( iii ) co -existence of the state’s constant support to the eth￣nic areas and the weak level of basic public service capability in ethnic areas; ( iv ) co -existence of the constant exchange and fusion between various ethnic groups and the disputes involving ethnic fac￣tors;and ( v) co-existence of the great achieve￣ments in anti-national splittism, religious extrem￣ity, and violent terrorism, as well as the active ter￣rorism activities in some areas. Only when we rec￣ognize this situation, can we understand the speci￣ficity of doing ethnic work in China. The innova￣tion of governance of ethnic autonomous areas and the promotion of governance by law in the whole country must start from this actual situation.
At present, we still need to clarify the conno￣tations of autonomous rights. Based on a clear clar￣ification of the basic meaning of ethnic regional au￣tonomous rights, we should deepen reform, active￣ly transform the governance of the ethnic autono￣mous regions, further deepen relevant theoretical studies, and positively promote the ethnic regional autonomous system. The main purpose of the eth￣nic regional autonomous areas is to promote the de￣velopment of the various affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic regional autonomous areas. The purpose for improving the ethnic regional autonomous sys￣tem is to ensure the development of ethnic minori￣ties and ethnic regional autonomous regions. Im￣proving the ethnic regional autonomous system should transform from one of preferential treatment to one of nuanced development.
Looking back to the past, the legal construc￣tion of ethnic regional autonomy has made great a￣chievements. However, the preferential policies of the state and relevant institutes are still the real factors promoting the development of the various af￣fairs of the ethnic minorities and ethnic autonomous areas. As described in this article, there are multi￣ple factors which influence the efficiency and per￣formance of the ethnic regional autonomy. The eth￣nic autonomous regions are restricted by natural conditions and economic development, therefore, they have to depend on assistance from the state and the relevant institutes—this is the objective re￣ality. However, the improvement of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system must change the status of the past, and enable the ethnic regional autono￣mous system play out its actual role so that the va￣rious affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic autono￣mous regions can step onto a road of nuanced de￣velopment.
The future development of the ethnic regional autonomous system depends on the consensus of theoretical and practical circles, i. e. a long-term mechanism whose purpose is to enable the system itself play its actual role should be established. Only by such a mechanism, can these puzzling problems be solved and gradually improved. Tak￣ing the breakthrough of the actual effect of the sys￣tem as the starting point of the ethnic regional autonomy’s deepening of the reform, one should take the following aspects into consideration:1 ) re-examine existing laws and regulations, and im￣prove them on the basis of institutional norms, en￣hance normalization, uniformity and manipulability of the ethnic regional autonomous regulations; 2 ) sort out the relationship between the institutions in ethnic autonomous areas and the upper levels of the state institutes, as well as the relationship be￣tween the institutions on the same level;on the va￣rious institutional levels, enhance clear cognition on the position, role and organizing principles of the ethnic regional autonomous system, and avoid taking the ethnic regional autonomous system as the affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas;3 ) im￣prove the supervisory mechanisms for running the ethnic regional autonomous system; and 4 ) im￣prove the mechanisms for handling disputes on the running of the ethnic regional autonomous system.
We must work closely, share the achieve￣ments, and promote the operation of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system. For this purpose, we should:1 ) standardize the management of the eth￣nic regional autonomous system, and weaken the“specificity”;2 ) promote the governance capabili￣ty of the ethnic regional autonomous areas, and so￣lidify the concept of“locality”;3 ) enhance auton￣omous awareness and capability, intensify “new thinking”, motivate initiatives from the autonomous areas, and improve the autonomous system from the bottom-up, and rationally allocate the power and rights of the high-level organs and the auton￣omous organs in the ethnic autonomous areas.     

我国区域立法主体制度探析

区域立法在主体构成上是复合的,这与区域类型的多样性有关。当前对我国区域立法之“区域”的界定主要依据两个标准,即经济标准和行政标准。立法主体应包括立法职权主体和立法参与主体,这同样适用于区域立法主体。其中,一般地方立法机关是构成区域立法职权主体的最主要部分,而区域立法参与主体是区域立法主体不可或缺的组成部分。就我国区域立法主体的运作机制而言,区域立法参与主体应该发挥更大甚至主导作用。     

中国绿色证券持续改进机制运行及完善建议

中国绿色证券制度的实践主要集中在环保核查制度,对公司上市后的环保持续改进未作系统要求。为保证重污染行业上市公司各个时段环境保护工作的有力开展,绿色证券持续改进机制的建立非常紧迫。政府能否持续监督和企业能否自主提升是影响企业环保工作能否持续改进的主要因素。良好的环境质量和节能减排效果可以为企业带来更多的绿色声誉及经济效益,但需要制度保证。     

近年来国内协商民主理论研究转向的综述

中国学者对西方协商民主理论的认识越来越深化.由最初对协商民主理论规范的认识,概念的分析解读以及乐观性的接受,经过了一个阶段的深化锤炼,国内学者开始转向其实践形态和在实践运行过程的研究.同时开始越来越认识到在实施中理论和实践操作的困境     

教学督导制度在高校中的构建及其运行模式浅析

教学督导制度的建立对高校完善教学管理体制、加强教学质量监控、促进教学质量提高发挥了重要作用。本文从教学督导制度的建立背景和意义入手,阐述了教学督导机构建立的优势和特点,研究了教学督导工作运行模式及其职能,提出了在教学督导实践中应正确处理教学督导运行模式中几方面关系,分析了教学督导工作的今后探索方向,以便进一步完善教学督导制度,为高校教学督导工作目标的实现提出新的思路。     

实现农业规模经营的几点思考

"十五"计划以提高人民生活水平为根本出发点.其中,农民生活水平的提高依赖于农民收入的增加,而实现农业规模经营是提高农业生产效益、增加农民收入的重要途径.促进土地使用权有序流动、加快农村城镇化进程、实现农业企业化发展则是推动农业规模经营的重要前提和举措.