试论日本国有铁路的经营形态

在日本国有铁路存在的115年间,先后经历了狭轨与广轨的轨制问题之争、“建主改从”与“改主建从”的投资问题之争、战后运费法定主义的是非之争以及综合交通体系中的铁路定位之争等,而其中的关于国有民有的经营形态问题之争,是贯穿于日本国有铁路史上最大的政策性问题。本文拟就这一政策性问题展开探讨,以揭示其变化的内在联系。     

略论语文心育的内在规定性

建国以来几十年语文教育的经验告诉我们,在语文教学中,育心是育人的根本所在.从语文的教学、心能目标、操作模式及实施效应等三个方面探讨语文心育的内在规律性,可以为语文心育提供合理的方式和方法.     

创新理念 推进自治制度运行和自治地方治理现代化

Deepening reform, promoting the rule of law, and implementing the “Five Develop￣ment ” concepts have had a deep influence on the modernization of governance in ethnic autonomous regions. Based on a review of 30 years of success￣ful experiences in implementing ethnic regional au￣tonomous law, and focusing on the concepts of“innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing”, we need to conduct in -depth research on the ways to:promote governance by law, realize the modernization of governance;and promote the efficient implementation of ethnic autonomous systems in the ethnic autonomous re￣gion.
The 155 ethnic autonomous areas of China cover 64% of the total area of the country. There￣fore, the governance of the country cannot be a￣chieved without modernizing the governance in the ethnic autonomous regions. Modernizing the gov￣ernance in ethnic autonomous regions is a necessa￣ry element for modernizing the governance of the nation. The modernization of the ethnic autono￣mous regions actually means the legalization of the governance in ethnic autonomous areas, which is a main part of the legalization of the ethnic affairs.
The comprehensive, deepening of reform, and promoting governance by law have been strongly promoted. We should start from reality, respect differences, and take the development concepts of“innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing” into consideration so as to promote the ef￣ficient implementation of ethnic regional autono￣mous systems through various methods. We should update our concepts, weaken specificity, solidify locality, intensify new thinking, innovate the run￣ning of ethnic autonomous systems, and promote the modernization of governance in ethnic autono￣mous regions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the theories and practices used since the imple￣mentation of ethnic regional autonomous regula￣tions, and under the premise of intensifying “the legalization of ethnic affairs”, we should deepen the comprehensive reform of the ethnic autonomous regions, comprehensively promote the governance by law, and realize the goal of building a moder￣ately prosperous society as scheduled through im￣proving and innovating the running of ethnic re￣gional autonomous systems.
“Ethnic areas are districts with rich resources and water sources; they are ecological screen zones, cultural characteristic zones, border areas, and poor areas.” At the same time, due to histori￣cal, social and natural factors,“the natural condi￣tions of most ethnic areas are not good; their be￣ginning phase of development is low; they have many historical debts; they are located far away from the central markets and urban areas;their ur￣ban-rural gap is very obvious”, and “their gap with the eastern areas ( of China) is growing larger and larger”. The reform and the promotion of gov￣ernance by law in ethnic autonomous areas should put more emphasis on locality, ethnicity and “au￣tonomy”. Of course, we must avoid of “artificial￣ly” intensifying ethnic consciousness, and creating ethnic “differences”. Meanwhile, we should “im￣prove the capability for legal management of ethnic affairs”, “intensify the construction of laws and regulations related to ethnic work”, “legally han￣dle those issues involving ethnic factors”, “insist on resolving issues involving ethnic factors by the law, and avoid of regarding civil and criminal problems related to ethnic people as ethnic prob￣lems, or regarding common disputes in ethnic are￣as as ethnic problems. ”
We should affirm that China’s ethnic relations are harmonious, and that their economics are de￣veloping rapidly. Since the implementation of the policy of “reform and opening -up”, especially since 2005 , the economics in ethnic autonomous regions have developed dramatically; the people’s living conditions have continuously improved;bas￣ic infrastructure has significantly speeded up; and ecological protection has solidly improved. Howev￣er, the problems still prevail. For example, the poverty in ethnic areas is still serious—there are more than 25 million poor in ethnic rural areas. Therefore, the task of poverty alleviation is still very tough. In addition, the gap between urban and rural areas and between different regions is very large in ethnic autonomous regions. Finally, the rate of urbanization is very low.
In sum, during the process of modernizing so￣cial governance in ethnic autonomous regions, we must pay full attention to the five“stage character￣istics” of ethnic work in China which are the:( i) co - existence of opportunities and challenges brought by the “reform and opening -up” policy and the socialist market economy;( ii) co-exist￣ence of the state’s constant support to the ethnic ar￣eas and its low level of development; ( iii ) co -existence of the state’s constant support to the eth￣nic areas and the weak level of basic public service capability in ethnic areas; ( iv ) co -existence of the constant exchange and fusion between various ethnic groups and the disputes involving ethnic fac￣tors;and ( v) co-existence of the great achieve￣ments in anti-national splittism, religious extrem￣ity, and violent terrorism, as well as the active ter￣rorism activities in some areas. Only when we rec￣ognize this situation, can we understand the speci￣ficity of doing ethnic work in China. The innova￣tion of governance of ethnic autonomous areas and the promotion of governance by law in the whole country must start from this actual situation.
At present, we still need to clarify the conno￣tations of autonomous rights. Based on a clear clar￣ification of the basic meaning of ethnic regional au￣tonomous rights, we should deepen reform, active￣ly transform the governance of the ethnic autono￣mous regions, further deepen relevant theoretical studies, and positively promote the ethnic regional autonomous system. The main purpose of the eth￣nic regional autonomous areas is to promote the de￣velopment of the various affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic regional autonomous areas. The purpose for improving the ethnic regional autonomous sys￣tem is to ensure the development of ethnic minori￣ties and ethnic regional autonomous regions. Im￣proving the ethnic regional autonomous system should transform from one of preferential treatment to one of nuanced development.
Looking back to the past, the legal construc￣tion of ethnic regional autonomy has made great a￣chievements. However, the preferential policies of the state and relevant institutes are still the real factors promoting the development of the various af￣fairs of the ethnic minorities and ethnic autonomous areas. As described in this article, there are multi￣ple factors which influence the efficiency and per￣formance of the ethnic regional autonomy. The eth￣nic autonomous regions are restricted by natural conditions and economic development, therefore, they have to depend on assistance from the state and the relevant institutes—this is the objective re￣ality. However, the improvement of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system must change the status of the past, and enable the ethnic regional autono￣mous system play out its actual role so that the va￣rious affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic autono￣mous regions can step onto a road of nuanced de￣velopment.
The future development of the ethnic regional autonomous system depends on the consensus of theoretical and practical circles, i. e. a long-term mechanism whose purpose is to enable the system itself play its actual role should be established. Only by such a mechanism, can these puzzling problems be solved and gradually improved. Tak￣ing the breakthrough of the actual effect of the sys￣tem as the starting point of the ethnic regional autonomy’s deepening of the reform, one should take the following aspects into consideration:1 ) re-examine existing laws and regulations, and im￣prove them on the basis of institutional norms, en￣hance normalization, uniformity and manipulability of the ethnic regional autonomous regulations; 2 ) sort out the relationship between the institutions in ethnic autonomous areas and the upper levels of the state institutes, as well as the relationship be￣tween the institutions on the same level;on the va￣rious institutional levels, enhance clear cognition on the position, role and organizing principles of the ethnic regional autonomous system, and avoid taking the ethnic regional autonomous system as the affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas;3 ) im￣prove the supervisory mechanisms for running the ethnic regional autonomous system; and 4 ) im￣prove the mechanisms for handling disputes on the running of the ethnic regional autonomous system.
We must work closely, share the achieve￣ments, and promote the operation of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system. For this purpose, we should:1 ) standardize the management of the eth￣nic regional autonomous system, and weaken the“specificity”;2 ) promote the governance capabili￣ty of the ethnic regional autonomous areas, and so￣lidify the concept of“locality”;3 ) enhance auton￣omous awareness and capability, intensify “new thinking”, motivate initiatives from the autonomous areas, and improve the autonomous system from the bottom-up, and rationally allocate the power and rights of the high-level organs and the auton￣omous organs in the ethnic autonomous areas.     

论苏区邮政检查的操作方法与纪律

为了获得情报,肃清内奸,加强宣传,反制敌方邮检,苏区实行了邮检制度。邮检对象包括：密写、密函信件,记录有军政情报内容的胶卷、录音带、录像带、报刊杂志,夹藏有显微点以及炸弹、毒品、恐吓信、内容反动的信件或者出版物。邮检方式主要有四种。对受检邮件的处理方式有三种。总之,苏区对邮检极为重视,除严格选拔邮检员外,还制定了纪律,操作也较规范。     

高等学校校院两级教学督导体系的探讨

从完善现代大学制度、建立高校内部监控机制等视角,分析了高校校院两级教学督导体系的组织架构、职能定位和运行机制,提出了高校教学督导工作新的管理理念和实施方法。     

Manipulating motivating operations to facilitate the emergence of mands for a child with autism

Research on the functional independence of verbal operants (Skinner, 1957) has demonstrated inconsistent findings. One explanation may be that these studies have not manipulated the motivating operation (MO) to facilitate the emergence of mands (Hall & Sundberg, 1987; Lamarre & Holland, 1985). In the current study, 1 participant, diagnosed with autism, was taught to tact high-preference and low-preference leisure items, and emergence of mands was tested under varying MO conditions. Results showed the emergence of mands following periods of arranged deprivation, and greater maintenance for a highly preferred relative to a less preferred stimulus. However, mands only emerged when presession tact trials were conducted. These results suggest that in a state of deprivation, transfer of stimulus control from discriminative to motivational conditions may occur without direct training.     

工学结合的《水泥粉磨设备操作》课程标准开发

通过深入用人单位调研,明确了职业岗位的典型工作任务和职业岗位对人才的能力素质要求,以典型工作任务为载体将课程划分成多个相互联系的学习情境,将专业能力、方法能力和社会能力的培养贯穿于各个学习情境的教学中。     

中国绿色证券持续改进机制运行及完善建议

中国绿色证券制度的实践主要集中在环保核查制度,对公司上市后的环保持续改进未作系统要求。为保证重污染行业上市公司各个时段环境保护工作的有力开展,绿色证券持续改进机制的建立非常紧迫。政府能否持续监督和企业能否自主提升是影响企业环保工作能否持续改进的主要因素。良好的环境质量和节能减排效果可以为企业带来更多的绿色声誉及经济效益,但需要制度保证。     

汉代封事的内容及其运作

＂章表奏议,经国之枢机＂。文书形态和运作机制的变迁,是了解中国古代政治制度成长性变革的一个重要切入点。封事是一种直达御前、＂不使人知＂的机密文书,其内容涉及外戚关系、皇帝得失、国家政治和大汉安危等社会政治生活的各个方面。与普通章奏相比,封事的传递、运转过程绕过了尚书台的拆封和审阅处理,直达皇帝,由皇帝亲自批阅,传递过程简单、直接,中间只有少数几个人员和机构参与封事的传递,略去了审阅和处理环节。     

杭州银行公会组织运营研究（1945年～1949年）

杭州银行公会是民国时期杭州地区重要的金融业同业组织之一,以维护银行业利益、推动银行业发展为基本宗旨。杭州银行公会所具有的基本原则、制度、权力分配、内部关系等各种关系和方式是发挥公会各项职能的组织保障。组织制度是在工作中形成的一套制度化的关系、结构方式和责权分配,包括会员制度、权力机构设置制度、选举制度、奖惩制度。经费是杭州银行公会开展活动的重要经济支柱。杭州银行公会采取各种方式,千方百计扩大经费来源,来加强自身的活动能力。杭州银行公会整理后,非常重视同业交流,研究行业业务,扩大行业影响,其中最具代表性的是建立杭州银行公会同人业余进修服务社和杭州银钱业联合准备会。