Water Adherence Factors for Human Skin

On incidental dermal exposure to chemicals in water, a key exposure factor is the amount of water adhering to skin. Although soil adherence factors have been developed for risk assessment, measurements of water adherence on human skin have not been described. In the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) dermal risk assessment guidance, dermal dose from environmental exposures is based upon the flux rate across the skin, which assumes that an unlimited amount of chemical is available for absorption. This assumption is applicable to certain exposure scenarios such as swimming and bathing. However, exposures to contaminated water frequently involve scenarios where the available chemical is limited by the amount of water adhering to the skin, for example, during accidental splashes. We conducted studies in human volunteers to investigate water adherence per unit area of skin after brief contact with water. In two sets of experiments, either water was applied with a micropipette to 10‐cm² areas of the lower leg, foot, and hand, or the foot and hand were briefly immersed in water. In males, using a micropipette, water adherence ranged from 1.93 (foot) to 7.13 μL/cm² (lower leg). In females, it ranged from 1.10 (lower leg) to 4.83 μL/cm² (hand). Hand and foot immersion resulted in relatively higher values of 6.89 and 5.17 μL/cm², respectively, in males, and 5.40 and 6.39 μL/cm² in females. Water adherence was affected by amount of body hair and type of exposure. Water adherence factors can be used to calculate the applied dose per unit area for exposures involving intermittent water contact.     

Exposure Assessment of Heavy Metals Resulting from Farmland Application of Wastewater Sludge in Tianjin, China: The Examination of Two Existing National Standards for Soil and Farmland-Used Sludge

Land application is one of the major methods of managing municipal sludge in China. The sludge is used for fertilizing and conditioning soil, but due to the high concentration of heavy metals and other chemicals that it contains, improper use of sludge will lead to the contamination of farmland soil. To provide guidance on the application of sludge in China, the Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludge for Agricultural Use (CSPSAU) were enacted, and implemented in 1985. Afterwards, the National Environment Quality Standards for Soil (NEQSS) were also formulated and put into effect in 1996. In this article, these two national standards were examined by means of exposure assessment. The main exposure pathway to humans that was considered was dietary intake of crops grown on the sludge-applied farmland. Five major types of agricultural crops (rice, wheat, tuber roots, vegetables, and fruits) and three groups of exposure population (the urban individual group, the rural sludge-applying individual group, and the rural sludge nonapplying individual group) were assessed. This case study in Tianjin, China, shows the necessity of reexamining the national standards of the CSPSAU and the NEQSS in the context of risk assessment. More comprehensive surveys and monitoring programs assessing heavy metals contained in farmland soils and crop tissues will be necessary for examining the risks to human health.     

论地方高校就业指导工作的创新

地方高校大学生就业难问题日益突出.要解决这一难题就必须先挖掘出当前地方高校就业指导工作中存在的弊端,并且从就业工作理念、就业工作体制、就业工作内容与方法等方面进行创新,建立一种以合理的知识和能力架构为基础,以市场需求为导向,以大学生职业生涯规划为中心、以综合素质发展为突破的新的就业指导工作体制,这样才能逐步有效地解决当前地方院校就业难的局面.     

北航工科研究生创新能力培养模式研究

从学习意识、课程设置、导师指导和国际化方面系统分析了影响工科研究生创新能力的因素,依托北航研究生培养体制和指导工科研究生科研创新的实践经历为背景,从激发学习兴趣、改革课程设置、提高导师责任心、设置跨学科导师指导小组、强化国际合作等方面探究了北航工科研究生创新能力培养的新模式,该模式也可为其它学科的研究生创新性培养提供借鉴。     

媒体关注下的CSR信息披露与企业财务绩效关系研究及启示——基于我国A股上市公司CSR报告的实证研究

企业社会责任(CSR)及信息披露已成为当前社会各界共同关注的热点问题。本文利用独立机构发布的我国A股上市公司CSR报告的评级数据,验证了当前时代背景下我国企业社会责任信息披露与企业财务绩效的关系,以及作为信息传递媒介和公众日程设置者的媒体的关注对于二者关系的影响作用。研究发现,高水平披露社会责任信息的企业的绩效明显高于低水平企业,但是这种作用关系是在媒体关注度这一变量的完全中介作用之下实现的。这一新发现不仅丰富和拓展了企业社会责任及信息披露的理论研究框架,对于基于战略性CSR思维制定相关战略的企业管理者也深具启发意义。     

Daily Inhalation Rate and Time‐Activity/Location Pattern in Japanese Preschool Children

Lack of data on daily inhalation rate and activity of children has been an issue in health risk assessment of air pollutants. This study aimed to obtain the daily inhalation rate and intensity and frequency of physical activity in relation to the environment in Japanese preschool children. Children aged four–six years (n= 138) in the suburbs of Tokyo participated in this study, which involved three days' continuous monitoring of physical activity using a tri‐axial accelerometer and parent's completion of a time/location diary during daily life. The estimated three‐day mean daily inhalation rate (body temperature, pressure, saturated with water vapor) was 9.9 ± 1.6 m³/day (0.52 ± 0.09 m³/kg/day). The current daily inhalation rate value of 0.580 m³/kg/day proposed for use in health risk assessment in Japan is confirmed to be valid to calculate central value of inhaled dose of air pollutants in five‐ to six‐year‐old children. However, the 95th percentile daily inhalation rate of 0.83 m³/kg/day based on measurement for five‐year‐old children is recommended to be used to provide an upper bound estimate of exposure that ensure the protection of all five‐ to six‐year‐old children from the health risk of air pollutants. Children spent the majority of their time in sedentary and light level of physical activity (LPA) when indoors, while 85% of their time when outdoors was spent in LPA and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity. The results suggest the need to consider variability of minute respiratory ventilation rate according to the environment for more refined short‐term health risk assessment.     

大学生消费调查分析

根据江苏科技大学402名大学生的消费抽样调查资料,分析了大学生消费的差异及原因,通过建立Logistic回归模型证实了家庭收入差别是引发学生消费差异的根本因素,同时针对目前大学生消费的一些不合理现象,提出了引导大学生消费需加强荣辱观教育和理财知识教育的建议。     

行业视角下中国上市公司外汇风险暴露研究——基于事件研究法的经验分析

文章基于事件研究法,通过选取2005年人民币"汇改"及2010年"汇改"重启两次关键事件,考察了其对我国深市13个行业指数外汇风险暴露的影响。结果表明:在"汇改"事件窗口中,13个行业中共11个行业表现出显著的外汇风险暴露,其中交通运输、房地产等行业收益率受到"汇改"事件的正向冲击,而制造业、金融及保险等行业收益率受到负向冲击;而在"汇改"重启事件中,由于汇率波动幅度相对较低、上市公司加强汇率避险等原因,13个行业中仅7个行业表现出外汇风险暴露。     

民间传统文化保护和发展中的政府职能分析

保护和发展我国民间传统文化,有助于构建社会主义和谐社会。当前在市场经济的大潮中,由于受到商业文化、消费文化的冲击,民间传统文化呈现边缘化、娱乐化、工具化的趋势,同时面临能否持续发展的难题。在加强民间传统文化保护的大环境和群众对民间传统文化热情回归的背景下,政府必须重新定位自己的管理角色,做好民间传统文化的保护人;通过转变管理方式,培养文化自觉;积极引导市场,建立有效的监管体系,实现对民间传统文化的保护和发展。     

新媒体视野下大学生舆情引导机制研究

随着大学生与新媒体日渐水乳交融,新媒体已经深刻地影响着大学生舆情与传播状况,其特有的传播特性对大学生舆情监控提出了新的挑战。文章引用SCP范式,立足于新媒体环境这一结构基础,总结大学生舆情行为特征,探究新时期大学生舆情引导机制,以确立良好的行为绩效。