论基层防治网建设

贯彻落实“预防为主”的卫生工作方针 ,不但要从认识上提高 ,而且要重视机构建设 ,加快基层防治网建设。通过这一工作 ,建立起新型的全方位、多层次的预防保健网络 ,采取药物预防与健身预防相结合的预防保健措施。     

The Role of Geographic Scale in Monitoring Environmental Justice

Utilizing the concept of environmental justice, this paper examines the differential burdens of toxic and hazardous waste facilities locations in low income minority communities. The association between the presence of facilities and socioeconomic characteristics of places are examined for the state of South Carolina at three different spatial scales: counties, census tracts, and census block groups. Three different types of hazardous waste/toxic facilities are also examined: Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) sites, Treatment, Storage, and Disposal sites (TSD), and inactive hazardous waste sites. At the county level, there was some association between the presence of toxic/hazardous waste facilities and race and income. In South Carolina, this translates to a disproportionate burden on White, more affluent communities in metropolitan areas, rather than low income minority communities. At both the census tract and block group levels, there is no association between race and the location of toxic/hazardous waste facilities. There are slight differences in the income levels between tracts and block groups with facilities and those without. This localized ecology of hazard sources must be expanded to include emission/discharge data in order to adequately address environmental justice issues on who bears the burdens of environmental contamination.     

Decidedly Different: Expert and Public Views of Risks from a Radioactive Waste Repository

A questionnaire with items that had been used in a national survey of the general public was administered to persons attending an American Nuclear Society meeting. The items asked about risks associated with high-level nuclear waste (HLNW), trust in nuclear-waste program managers, costs and benefits of a repository project, and images of a HLNW repository. The results suggest that nuclear industry experts may have very different opinions from the general public about most of these items and their images of a repository indicate a vastly different conceptual framework within which their opinions are formed.     

Factors affecting household-level environmental decision making: A three-country comparison of the determinants of household recycling

As urban scales and income-driven levels of consumption rise with development, waste generation expands, and urban ecosystems become ever more sensitive to local patterns of waste disposal. Local incineration and landfilling generate more urban ecosystem stresses than does recycling activity. Arguably, household-level decisions about materials demand and recycling effort levels are central to any society's private environmental decision making.Whatever public influences may be brought to bear on households, their decisions and behaviors are likely to be attributable to factors that may not be subject to modification by public action. These influences include the decision makers' locus of control, sense of responsibility, knowledge of choices, and attitude toward the decision problem, all factors inclined to vary with political and cultural contexts.We use data from the 1993 International Social Survey Program: Environment collected from Great Britain, Italy, and the Netherlands to permit comparative analysis of the household recycling decision process and how it varies within the European Union. The survey data collected demonstrate extreme variation in the factors described above and indicate that replicability of successful projects—or the development of model recycling plans—is likely to be extremely difficult, possibly resulting in reliance on suboptimal approaches to stimulating household recycling efforts. The efforts presented, however, may be applied to existing programs to enhance their current undertakings.     

A Decision Theory Perspective on the Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste

In this paper the problem of high-level nuclear waste disposal is viewed as a five-stage, cascaded decision problem. The first four of these decisions having essentially been made, the work of recent years has been focused on the fifth stage, which concerns specifics of the repository design. The probabilistic performance assessment (PPA) work is viewed as the outcome prediction for this stage, and the site characterization work as the information gathering option. This brief examination of the proposed Yucca Mountain repository through a decision analysis framework resulted in three conclusions: (1) A decision theory approach to the process of selecting and characterizing Yucca Mountain would enhance public understanding of the issues and solutions to high-level waste management; (2) engineered systems are an attractive alternative to offset uncertainties in the containment capability of the natural setting and should receive greater emphasis in the design of the repository; and (3) a strategy of waste management should be adopted, as opposed to waste disposal, as it allows for incremental confirmation and confidence building of a permanent solution to the high-level waste problem.     

Optimum spacings of elementary treatment contrasts in symmetrical 2-factor pa block designs

The concept of optimum spacing of an arbitrary group of treatments was introduced by Sinha and Sinha (1969) in a study of the relative efficiencies of a group of block designs. In this paper, the optimum spacings of elementary treatment contrasts in a 2-factor symmetrical block design with Property A are studied using the A-optimality criterion. Conditions for optimum spacings are expressed in terms of the relative magnitudes of the efficiency factors.     

解决"三农"问题的关键:给农民国民待遇

我国的"三农"问题,是与我国的工业化与城镇化道路,以及与此相联系的城乡二元结构交织在一起的。城乡二元结构是我国"三农"问题的症结之所在。要从根本上解决"三农"问题,就必须把农村居民从城乡分割的制度中解放出来,使他们享有与城市居民一样的平等权利。     

复杂与特殊"把"字句语义结构及语用功能--《金瓶梅》《红楼梦》《儿女英雄传》"把"字句例析

“把”字句是汉语中运用最广泛、作用最显著的重要句式之一,前辈与时贤们对此已经做过不少卓有成效的研究工作。对于“把”字句,汉语学界传统的看法多认为是用介词“把”将宾语提前,语义上是用来表示处置义,“把”字后的词语多属于定指的事物,“把”字句的动词不单独出现,即不能是光杆动词。近年来又出现一些新理论,这些新理论很引人注目,他们从不同角度来观察“把”字句,使研究越来越深入。     

Treatment issues pertaining to pathological gamblers with a comorbid disorder

Evidence of an increased risk for various psychiatric disorders among pathological gamblers far exceeds our understanding of the impact that this psychiatric comorbidity has on the outcome of treatment for pathological gambling. One major source of the problem is that treatment efficacy and effectiveness studies for pathological gambling typically have not addressed comorbidity's impact on outcome. This paper discusses epidemiological, clinical, health service delivery, and research issues pertaining to the intersection of pathological gambling treatment outcome and comorbid psychiatric disorders. It is argued that this topic suffers from major knowledge gaps in terms of the nature of comorbidity of pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders and the role of client characteristics on treatment outcome for pathological gambling. Research priorities are identified.     

Estimation of Long-Term Risk from Canadian Uranium Mill Tailings

A methodology is presented for assessing the risk from Canadian uranium mill tailings piles. The methodology is based on the "set of triplets" concept and uses an event tree to identify various scenarios representing the performance of a pile over its 1,000-year design life. Compartment-type mathematical models are used to quantify the movement of hazardous substances through the environment. Numerical examples are given of both "level 1" (straight probabilistic) and "level 2" (probability of frequency) type analyses.