北极核污染治理的国际法分析与思考

北极地区是军事大国密布的地区,核威胁一直存在。近年来人类对北极能源和航道的开发更是直接导致了北极地区的再军事化。核设施的不断发展、核能利用中放射性事故的频发以及核恐怖主义威胁的加大使得北极放射性核污染治理问题日渐突出。既存的治理法律制度和合作框架发挥作用有限,表现在相关法律规定明确排出了军事污染来源,国际军控条约没有考虑到国际环境法的基本原则,国家责任也存在不当免除。基于上述问题,未来治理路径一方面要注重不同法域间的协调并明确有关各方的国家责任,另一方面,基于核污染议题所具有的双重属性,软法还应继续发挥主导作用,并最终形成稳定且有约束力的治理法律机制。     

The Role of Hazardousness and Regulatory Practice in the Accidental Release of Chemicals at U.S. Industrial Facilities

This article presents the results of an analysis of the accident history data reported under section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act Amendments. These data provide a fairly complete record of the consequences of reportable accidental releases occurring during the time frame 1995-1999 in the U.S. chemical industry and covering 77 toxic and 63 flammable substances subject to the provisions of section 112(r). As such, these results are of fundamental interest to the affected communities, regulators, and insurers, as well as to owners and managers in the chemical industry. The results show the statistical associations between accident frequency and severity and a number of characteristics of reporting facilities, including their size, the hazardousness of the processes and chemicals inventoried, and the regulatory programs (in addition to section 112(r)) to which these facilities are subject. The results are interpreted in light of economic drivers of protective activity and regulatory priorities for monitoring and enforcement.     

New information and social trust: asymmetry and perseverance of attributions about hazard managers.

It has been argued that news about negative events has a much stronger effect on decreasing social trust than does news about positive events on increasing it. This asymmetry principle of trust was investigated in two surveys that also investigated the perseverance of trust. The possibility that established trust attributions persevere in the face of new information raises questions about the limits of trust asymmetry. The two studies yielded evidence that both type of news (good versus bad) and initial general trust in the nuclear power industry or the food supply industry affected level of trust. Compared to individuals trusting the industry, those distrusting the industry exhibited less trust following both bad and good news events. Study I also found that judged informativeness and judged positiveness of news events were affected by type of news and general trust of the industry. Individuals low in general trust of the nuclear power industry judged both bad news and good news as less positive than did those high in general trust. Those low in general trust judged bad news as more informative than good news and than did those high in general trust. An important implication of the perseverance of trust is to focus attention on including not only the effects of information about specific events and actions, but also on the judgment processes underlying social trust. The Salient Value Similarity model is suggested as one way of accounting for these psychological processes.     

The Rise and Fall of a Risk-Based Priority System: Lessons from DOE's Environmental Restoration Priority System

This paper presents the history of the Environmental Restoration Priority System (ERPS), a decision aid developed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to help determine how to allocate funds for cleaning up hazardous waste sites. Although praised in technical peer review, the system was strongly criticized by stakeholders external to the DOE. Ultimately, and in the midst of a National Academy of Sciences review, DOE shelved the system. The rise and fall of ERPS provides useful lessons for analysts hoping to improve risk management in the public sector.     

Increasing the use of alcohol screening and brief intervention in New Zealand

New Zealand has high rates of acute alcohol-related harm relative to chronic harm, and when compared with other countries. Acute harm is typically caused by binge drinking. New Zealand alcohol use surveys consistently find that about 20–25% of adult drinkers binge drink. There is substantial overseas evidence that alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) in primary health care is effective and cost-effective for reducing alcohol harm among binge drinkers. However, while there is also growing evidence that alcohol SBI can successfully be implemented in New Zealand, the approach has been significantly under-utilised. This article provides a brief overview of New Zealand research that supports a case for increasing the use of alcohol SBI in primary health care. It also highlights that when looking to successfully implement alcohol SBI in other settings, it is important to ensure that the intervention is simple and purpose-built for both the setting and recipient.     

质疑“危险驾驶罪”的设立

刑法修正案(八)已设立危险驾驶罪,但危险驾驶机动车的行为尚未达到应受刑罚处罚程度;目前的法律手段能够达到预防、减少危险驾驶机动车行为,保护人民群众的生命、健康和财产安全的目的;没有充分的根据说明设立危险驾驶罪是民意,即使是民意,也未必是设立危险驾驶罪的充分理由;设立危险驾驶罪将大大增加社会成本,与我国现有刑法原则精神和现行刑法规定不协调。     

有害物品运输中“多点”-“多点”的风险公平性研究

在有害物品运输过程中,可能在多个起点和多个终点之间需要完成运输任务,因此网络中的某些路段可能被多次选择,从而导致这些路段上的人口与其他人口相比承担了较多的风险.为了实现有害物品运输过程中的风险公平性,本文给出了有害物品运输过程中区域风险差异和个体风险差异的定义,并建立了区域风险差异和个体风险差异的模型,然后,构建了一个考虑了人口风险、区域风险差异和个体风险差异的实现有害物品运输中"多点"-"多点"的风险公平性的模型,并给出了进行路径选择的启发式算法.     

Natural Disasters in the United States as Release Agents of Oil, Chemicals, or Radiological Materials Between 1980-1989: Analysis and Recommendations

Generally, hazards research and literature has treated natural and technological disasters as separate entities. This study attempts to determine how frequently interaction between these two types of disaster took place in the United States from 1980-1989. Data were collected by performing a literature review, contacting organizations and individuals active in hazards research and mitigation, and through a questionnaire sent to the emergency management agencies of all 50 states. The consensus derived from the data is that the number of incidents where natural and technological disasters interact is rising while preparations, which recognize the complications inherent in such combined events, remain cursory. There is a pressing need for states to record, and make available to managers, information regarding the number of combined natural/technological events affecting their areas. Only when such data are available will it be possible to make appropriate decisions regarding the best way to reduce the effects of a natural disaster causing a catastrophic release of hazardous materials.     

医疗废物处理中存在的问题及其对策

医疗废物是医疗卫生机构在医疗、预防、保健以及其他相关活动中产生的具有直接或者间接感染性、毒性及其他危害性的废物,具有极强的传染性、生物毒性和腐蚀性。本文首先简单介绍了国外医疗废物处理的相关情况。其次对国内医疗废物处理现状及存在的问题进行了分析,最后针对目前我国医疗废物处理中存在的问题提出了建设性的对策和建议。     

关于环境库兹涅茨曲线特征及原因分析——以陕西为例

以1996—2009年陕西省工业"三废"和人均GDP数据,建立陕西省环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)模型并分析其成因。结果表明:陕西省工业"三废"与人均GDP之间并未呈现典型的"倒U"型关系。工业废水排放量与人均GDP呈现"倒N"型;工业废气排放量与人均GDP为三次函数模型,呈上升趋势;工业固体废弃物排放量人均GDP为幂函数模型,呈下降趋势。根据以上结论提出控制"三废"的措施建议。