适时地推进国有企业劳动就业体制的转换

“下岗”是一种“准显性失业” ,再就业工程只是一种具有过渡意义的特殊的社会保障制度 ,因此 ,存在着局限性。这些局限性不可避免地导致了在再就业工程的实施中 ,“隐性就业”与下岗职工“生活保障权利虚置” ,所以 ,必须有步骤地采取措施 ,推进国有企业劳动就业机制的完全转换。     

Incentive Contracts for Managing a Project with Uncertain Completion Time

We examine two time‐related incentive project management contracts (C1 and C2 contracts) when the manager conducts a reverse auction. Under the C1 contract, the contractor with the lowest bid price wins; however, the manager imposes a linear and symmetric incentive/disincentive for early/late completion according to a pre‐specified due date. Under the C2 contract, the winning contractor has the lowest composite score that is based on the quoted price and the quoted due date; however, in addition to the linear and symmetric penalty/incentive, the contractor is subject to an additional penalty for late completion. While the C2 contract is more sophisticated than the C1 contract (in terms of the number of decisions that each party has to make), our analysis reveals that, unless the project is truly urgent, the more complicated C2 contract adds no value to the manager— the simple C1 contract will suffice.     

Unsold Versus Unbought Commitment: Minimum Total Commitment Contracts with Nonzero Setup Costs

We study a minimum total commitment (MTC) contract embedded in a finite‐horizon periodic‐review inventory system. Under this contract, the buyer commits to purchase a minimum quantity of a single product from the supplier over the entire planning horizon. We consider nonstationary demand and per‐unit cost, discount factor, and nonzero setup cost. Because the formulations used in existing literature are unable to handle our setting, we develop a new formulation based on a state transformation technique using unsold commitment instead of unbought commitment as state variable. We first revisit the zero setup cost case and show that the optimal ordering policy is an unsold‐commitment‐dependent base‐stock policy. We also provide a simpler proof of the optimality of the dual base‐stock policy. We then study the nonzero setup cost case and prove a new result, that the optimal solution is an unsold‐commitment‐dependent (s, S) policy. We further propose two heuristic policies, which numerical tests show to perform very well. We also discuss two extensions to show the generality of our method's effectiveness. Finally, we use our results to examine the effect of different contract terms such as duration, lead time, and commitment on buyer's cost. We also compare total supply chain profits under periodic commitment, MTC, and no commitment.     

销售商激励合同的比较分析研究

在制造商雇用销售商来销售产品的市场背景下,文章着重分析了制造商采取三种不同的销售激励合同时,销售商努力行为的变化情况。三种激励合同中,一种是线性合同——固定提成合同,另外两种是分段线性合同——提成递增或递减合同和保底封顶合同。通过模型的分析发现,不同的激励合同形式下,销售商的努力行为会受到合同中参数的影响,制造商可以根据不同市场运作目标——比如为了推广新产品、为了扩大产品市场份额等进行合同形式的选择。     

管理者内隐人格观对绩效评估过程的影响

运用眼动测试技术,对持有不同内隐人格观的管理者的绩效评估过程进行了分析。研究表明,实体论管理者在面对员工初期低绩效水平表现时,会以特质判断为基础来进行选择、编码和组织信息,并将绩效差归因于员工本身所具有的特质。渐进论管理者则不存在归因的偏差。面对后期员工的绩效改进表现时,实体论管理者倾向于将绩效的提升归因于环境的改变,忽略员工自身的改变,从而造成对于绩效改进的认可度小于渐进论管理者。     

太平洋战争爆发前美国对日本的经济制裁——从拒绝实施“中立法”到废铁禁运

卢沟桥事变以后,出于鼓励中国的考虑,美国没有对中日双方实施"中立法",但客观上却助长了日本的侵略。1938年6月,由于日本不断扩大侵华战争,美国宣布对之实行"道义禁运",迈出了对日本实施经济压力的第一步,但"道义禁运"没有法律效力,也缺乏强制色彩。由于日本向西南太平洋的扩张,美国于1939年7月宣布废除美日商约,1940年7月又对日本实施废铁禁运。但无论是"废约"还是废铁禁运,都是美国政府采取的相对温和的步骤。在此之前,美国政府内部就有关问题进行了激烈的讨论。     

大学生亲密关系与内隐利他行为的相关研究

以福建师范大学福清分校学生为被试,通过使用亲密关系和利他行为的内隐联结测验程序,研究个体的亲密关系与内隐利他行为的相关性。通过访谈和实验,得出的结论为:个体的亲密关系和利他行为的内隐态度显著;亲密关系与内隐利他行为的相关性极其显著。     

内隐理论对大学英语教育的启示

回顾内隐学习理论提出的背景、主要内涵及最新研究,探讨该理论对大学英语教学中语法教学和人文精神教育方面的启示。作为一种语言学习和语言教学的理论,内隐学习理论可以加深教师对英语教学本质的认识,同时为更新教学观念和教学方法,策略提供了理论支持。     

我国养老金隐性债务成因的特殊性及对策研究

人口老龄化问题已成为各国政府亟待解决的难题之一。于是,各国纷纷改变养老金的筹资模式,由现收现付制向基金制转变,在现收现付制下形成的养老金隐性债务逐渐显性化。我国险隐性债务的规模相当大,且成因有着特殊性。我国政府应根据其成因特殊性来解决债务问题。     

Insurance with undiversifiable risk: Contract structure and organizational form of insurance firms

Previous explanations of the contract choice and organizational form of insurance firms do not explain, by themselves, the recent proliferation of mutuals and new contract designs. We first present risk-bearing arguments to address these phenomena. We present two forms of insurance. The first is a conventional transfer of risk whereas the second decomposes risk between idiosyncratic and nonidiosyncratic. We show that the latter form leads to more active trade in insurance markets with correlated exposures. Moreover, the decomposed form dominates the simple transfer. These results qualify and extend the work of Borch (1962) and Marshall (1974). Market responses to the recent liability insurance crisis are compatible with these predictions.This research was conducted while G. Dionne was visiting the University of Pennsylvania under grants from Huebner Foundation and CRSH Canada. N. Doherty wishes to acknowledge with thanks support from the National Science Foundation under grant #88-09299. We wish to thank Patricia Danzon, Beverly Dahlby, Claude Fluet, James Garven, Scott Harrington, Howard Kunreuther, Clifford Smith Jr., George Theall, Kip Viscusi, and a referee for helpful comments.