On the logic of common belief and common knowledge

The paper surveys the currently available axiomatizations of common belief (CB) and common knowledge (CK) by means of modal propositional logics. (Throughout, knowledge — whether individual or common — is defined as true belief.) Section 1 introduces the formal method of axiomatization followed by epistemic logicians, especially the syntax-semantics distinction, and the notion of a soundness and completeness theorem. Section 2 explains the syntactical concepts, while briefly discussing their motivations. Two standard semantic constructions, Kripke structures and neighbourhood structures, are introduced in Sections 3 and 4, respectively. It is recalled that Aumann's partitional model of CK is a particular case of a definition in terms of Kripke structures. The paper also restates the well-known fact that Kripke structures can be regarded as particular cases of neighbourhood structures. Section 3 reviews the soundness and completeness theorems proved w.r.t. the former structures by Fagin, Halpern, Moses and Vardi, as well as related results by Lismont. Section 4 reviews the corresponding theorems derived w.r.t. the latter structures by Lismont and Mongin. A general conclusion of the paper is that the axiomatization of CB does not require as strong systems of individual belief as was originally thought — onlymonotonicity has thusfar proved indispensable. Section 5 explains another consequence of general relevance: despite the infinitary nature of CB, the axiom systems of this paper admit of effective decision procedures, i.e., they aredecidable in the logician's sense.     

多重网络中的词学研究

近20年来,词学研究有所进展,但仍存在一些问题。词学研究应在多重网络中展开。首先,词学是专门之学,但研究者仍需建构开放的知识网络。词乐研究虽有不少成果,但仍处于相对低潮。这与研究者受限于音乐知识,无法有效介入有关。词谱、词律等专门之学亦是如此。其次,可以尝试词学研究的时空延展,打造通观的“全息网络”,通过长时段的、大量的文本分析发现新话题。同时,注意域外汉籍,因为它们可以提供新文献,启发新视角,丰富文本网络。最后,要注意数字人文的发展趋向,要建设词学检索库,善用新技术,更新研究理念,以便及时因应。但数字人文终究只是辅助研究手段,技术取代不了阅读与思考,只有在传统研究的基础上,技术才能发挥更大的作用。     

基于知识图谱的员工创新行为研究分析

以中国知网数据库2007—2017年收录的题名中含有“员工创新行为”的293篇期刊论文作为数据来源,借助CiteSpace5.0软件绘制可视化知识图谱,对该时间段国内员工创新行为研究的年度发文量、发文机构、文献来源机构、代表性学者及研究热点进行可视化分析。研究结果表明：2007—2010年,员工创新行为研究的载文量较少但呈逐步增长趋势,2010—2017年,员工创新行为发文量增长趋势明显;发文量排名前20的研究机构中有19个为高校;载文量在5篇以上的期刊主要为经济管理类期刊;其研究热点主要集中在员工创新行为主体研究,以及个人特征、领导力、组织文化与氛围等员工创新行为前因变量研究。未来的研究方向为：开发适合中国情境的员工创新行为量表,在整体视角下探讨不同创新主体之间的关联及员工创新行为的结果变量等。     

An Exploration of “Superb Competences” in College Teachers in the Context of U-Learning

Ubiquitous learning (U-learning), a potential shortcut for China to modernize its education, is treated in this discussion as a mentality and means for citizens in high-tech society to seek a lifelong education. Thus situated, this article presents an exploration of “superb competences”—material intelligence, internet thinking, and brain-related neuro knowledge—in college teachers outside their trained professional areas. It is believed that once the teachers are equipped with the material intelligence, internet thinking, and brain-related neuro knowledge, real U-learning practice is ensured and its rationale will be developed. Material intelligence and internet thinking are evolved from and closely related to technological development, and therefore constitute the essential requirements of U-learning in terms of technical and educational cognitive framework. A good knowledge of brain related neuroscience, the third competence, guarantees the scientific rooting of every element in the designing of U-leaning tasks, whose success resides in a serious respect of cognitive nature and rules of the brain. The building of such superb competences, as is argued at the end of the paper, relies on various supports, like policies and technological aids, from all levels of educational administration in the country as well as each individual teacher’s personal understanding and efforts.     

知识型员工流失的深层研究——基于心理契约的视角

知识型员工由于其地位和作用的特殊性,一直是企业竞争的主要对象,其流动率也一直较高。知识型员工流失在很大程度上是心理契约违背的必然结果,因此,重构和优化心理契约至关重要。具体而言,在招聘、入职、变动和离职四个阶段,企业应分别采取真实岗位预视、建立动态档案、加强沟通、及时补偿和离职面谈等措施,防止知识型员工流失。     

馆员学习方式与能力发展探析

通过对图书馆馆员个人学习和工作相关的学习实证调查,论述了工作中的学习对图书馆馆员能力发展的重要性;对工作相关学习产生的条件进行了深入的剖析,提出三种不同类型的独立学习过程,并对这三种学习方式进行了比较分析。     

高校现代化教育管理方法

通过知识经济对高等教育发展和高教管理者的要求的论述,提出了实现高校管理现代化方略既要坚持管理观念创新、实现管理方式转变、又要选择与之适应的教学模式、教育管理方法等新观念,以探讨研究新世纪高校教育管理现代化面临的新课题。     

元认知能力和听力自主学习关系研究

听力自主学习是今后听力教学的方向,提高元认知能力是促进听力自主学习的有效途径。丰富元认知知识和加强元认知调控在英语听力元认知中是非常有效的途径。     

以中国传统智慧会通和消化康德的第三批判——牟宗三美学思想初探

牟宗三以"无向判断"来代替传统"反思判断"的翻译,其深意是试图和中国传统道家"道无"的智慧挂上钩,以便强调审美的"无相原则"比起康德立于"道有"思维背景上的"超越原则"要高明些。牟宗三不同意康德把"合目的性"应用于审美判断,认为出了"滑转"和"混漫"的纰漏,并指出康德的审美判断还是一个知识机能,并不能充当自然和自由的"桥梁",应该依中国人的道德形而上直贯下来。此外,康德用来说明审美的"超越原则"是一种"外离"而不是"内合"方法。基于对康德的第三批判的怀疑,牟宗三提出了要以中国传统"妙"、"慧"来改造康德的鉴赏判断,指出"审美判断既是妙感妙慧之品鉴",且是一种"无向判断"。因此,审美判断之超越原则应该就是"无相原则"。事实上,牟宗三是以"无相原则"去代替康德那个只在"分别说"层次上的"超越原则",并主张"分别说"里的美相还要到"合一说"里给"化掉",这样才能达到即真即善即美的境界。     

美国联邦政府社区“一老一小”代际间互助项目的价值取向与运行机制——美国代理祖父母志愿者项目的经验

美国代理祖父母志愿者项目是借助代际间服务型学习方法,以满足社区需求为导向,利用各类资源实施的一种社区教育和服务活动,旨在改善老年人生活质量,促进老年人和儿童青少年共同发展,构建互利共生社区服务型学习生态。其运行机制包括涵盖招募选拔、志愿者培训、服务实践和绩效评估四个环节及分工明确的协同合作。其项目实践以循证服务模式为依托,项目设计与运行保持了一定的自主性,效果评估体现了综合多维性。美国代理祖父母志愿者项目可以为我国发挥社区作用,推动社区教育发展,促进养老托幼一体化服务建设,构建互利共生的服务型学习生态提供参考借鉴。