基于近邻截断的跳跃扩散过程波动函数的设定检验

高频数据环境下的波动函数设定检验容易受到数据中跳跃的影响。为此，本文基于近邻截断（nearest neighbor truncation）方法，利用残差构造部分和（partial sum）过程构造出波动函数参数形式的设定检验方法，并分析了该检验方法在原假设条件下的近似极限性质与自助检验步骤。所提出的波动函数设定检验方法能渐近有效的避免跳跃扩散过程的漂移项与跳跃项的影响。蒙特卡洛模拟结果表明这些检验方法对跳跃的影响具有稳健性，且具有合理的检验水平（size）和检验功效（power）。利用这些检验方法对我国的上海银行间同业拆放利率（Shibor）数据进行实证分析，结果表明本文所提出的跳跃稳健的波动函数检验方法比非跳跃稳健的波动函数检验方法具有更好的区分度。     

基于跳跃过程的复合期权定价模型

本文采用复合期权方法评价R&D项目过程中,将Penning Lint跳跃过程作为标的资产的变动过程,同时将R&D投资所产生的溢出效应纳入到R&D项目价值评价中,这一方法使得复合期权方法应用于R&D项目评价时更符合R&D项目的具体特性。我们采用该算法计算经典案例,并得到敏感性分析结果。     

Boundary detection through dynamic polygons

A method for the Bayesian restoration of noisy binary images portraying an object with constant grey level on a background is presented. The restoration, performed by fitting a polygon with any number of sides to the object's outline, is driven by a new probabilistic model for the generation of polygons in a compact subset of R² , which is used as a prior distribution for the polygon. Some measurability issues raised by the correct specification of the model are addressed. The simulation from the prior and the calculation of the a posteriori mean of grey levels are carried out through reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo computation, whose implementation and convergence properties are also discussed. One example of restoration of a synthetic image is presented and compared with existing pixel-based methods.     

Bayesian projection of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic

Short-term projections of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic in England and Wales have been regularly updated since the publication of the Cox report in 1988. The key approach for those updates has been the back-calculation method, which has been informally adapted to acknowledge various sources of uncertainty as well as to incorporate increasingly available information on the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the population. We propose a Bayesian formulation of the back-calculation method which allows a formal treatment of uncertainty and the inclusion of extra information, within a single coherent composite model. Estimation of the variably dimensioned model is carried out by using reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Application of the model to data for homosexual and bisexual males in England and Wales is presented, and the role of the various sources of information and model assumptions is appraised. Our results show a massive peak in HIV infections around 1983 and suggest that the incidence of AIDS has now reached a plateau, although there is still substantial uncertainty about the future.     

Hierarchical random effect models for coastal erosion of cliffs in the Holderness coast

Prediction of possible cliff erosion at some future date is fundamental to coastal planning and shoreline management, for example to avoid development in vulnerable areas. Historically, to predict cliff recession rates deterministic methods were used. More recently, recession predictions have been expressed in probabilistic terms. However, to date, only simplistic models have been developed. We consider the cliff erosion along the Holderness Coast. Since 1951 a monitoring program has been started in 118 stations along the coast, providing an invaluable, but often missing, source of information. We build hierarchical random effect models, taking account of the known dynamics of the process and including the missing information.     

A shared component model for detecting joint and selective clustering of two diseases

The study of spatial variations in disease rates is a common epidemiological approach used to describe the geographical clustering of diseases and to generate hypotheses about the possible 'causes' which could explain apparent differences in risk. Recent statistical and computational developments have led to the use of realistically complex models to account for overdispersion and spatial correlation. However, these developments have focused almost exclusively on spatial modelling of a single disease. Many diseases share common risk factors (smoking being an obvious example) and, if similar patterns of geographical variation of related diseases can be identified, this may provide more convincing evidence of real clustering in the underlying risk surface. We propose a shared component model for the joint spatial analysis of two diseases. The key idea is to separate the underlying risk surface for each disease into a shared and a disease-specific component. The various components of this formulation are modelled simultaneously by using spatial cluster models implemented via reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We illustrate the methodology through an analysis of oral and oesophageal cancer mortality in the 544 districts of Germany, 1986–1990.     

论跳远与三级跳远之间运动技能与运动素质的定向迁移

采用文献资料、对比、理论分析等方法,就跳远与三级跳远运动技能素质的迁移规律进行研究。结果表明:两个项目之间存在着很多相互迁移的共同因素,且跳远和三级跳远的积极性迁移十分明显;两个项目技术环节之间存在着差异并相互干扰。通过采用技能迁移的原理和项群训练理论指导跳远和三级跳远运动员的训练,突出速度与力量的结合,将单一技术进一步精雕细刻,从而提高运动员的成绩。     

Automatic Bayesian curve fitting

A method of estimating a variety of curves by a sequence of piecewise polynomials is proposed, motivated by a Bayesian model and an appropriate summary of the resulting posterior distribution. A joint distribution is set up over both the number and the position of the knots defining the piecewise polynomials. Throughout we use reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to compute the posteriors. The methodology has been successful in giving good estimates for 'smooth' functions (i.e. continuous and differentiable) as well as functions which are not differentiable, and perhaps not even continuous, at a finite number of points. The methodology is extended to deal with generalized additive models.     

基于Tsallis分布及跳扩散过程的欧式期权定价

准确描述资产价格的运行规律是进行衍生产品定价及风险控制的基础。受金融市场外部环境的影响,资产收益率常常具有尖峰厚尾和偏尾的现象,为了准确地描述资产价格的运动规律,本文利用具有长程记忆及统计反馈性质的Tsallis熵分布和一类更新过程,建立了跳-反常扩散的股票价格运动模型。利用随机微分和鞅方法,在风险中性的条件下,得到了欧式期权的定价公式,该公式推广了文献11和21的相应结论。最后,利用上证指数数据分别计算出了各模型的参数以及对资产收益率拟合的平均绝对误差,数据分析结果表明本文模型与文献11和21相比其平均绝对误差分别减小了10.4%和25.1%。说明了本文模型对资产收益率尖峰厚尾及偏尾等现象的捕捉更为准确。     

圆形微通的对流换热特性研究

针对圆形微通道内流体的强迫对流问题,利用分离变量法求解了考虑轴向热传导、速度滑移和温度跳跃、粘度耗散和入口效应等因素的圆形微通道的控制方程,给出了流体温度场和努塞尔数的计算表达式。对圆形微通道换热特性进行了数值仿真,结果表明,受尺寸效应的影响,管径越小,平均对流换热系数越大。微通道的换热能力比宏观经典通道强,表明在相同面积上做多个微通道比一个宏观大通道的换热效果好。