关系化用工:农业规模经营的社会基础

农业规模经营是中国乡村振兴进程中的关键议题。农业规模经营在快速发展的同时也呈现出用工效益的差异,从而使一些规模农业经营主体陷入困境。采用嵌入性视角探讨农业规模经营中用工模式嵌入社会关系的逻辑及其影响。研究发现,农业规模经营陷入困境的主要原因在于市场化用工无法有效解决农业规模经营中的劳动监督问题。而将市场规则嵌入关系规则的关系化用工使得雇佣双方产生了利他倾向,进而在很大程度上调动了工人内在的劳动积极性,从而使农业规模经营主体摆脱经营失败困境。关系化用工的实现依赖于农业规模经营主体在用工选择、生产管理和日常生活中充分发挥社会关系的积极作用,但社会关系范围和程度都是有限度的。因此,农业规模经营的健康发展不仅需要处理好经济关系,而且需要处理好社会关系。     

Asian Women,Job Training and the Social Organization of Immigrant Labor Markets

This paper examines the entry of Asian immigrant women into a gendered labor market via government-funded job training programs. The focus is on the intake processing of clients into an employment training program operated by a community based organization. The study reveals that women's family responsibilities and the cultural capital they bring function to screen them into or out of training programs and ultimately shape their location in the workforce. The study thus draws attention to how race, class, and gender enter into the organization of Asian immigrant women into the labor market. This investigation is based in institutional ethnography (Smith 1987), a research strategy which displays how activities in a particular setting are coordinated with more extended forms of social organization. The study shows that the overriding concern with successful placement in a job as mandated by government regulations is a critical factor in selecting the women for these programs.     

高校工薪所得税纳税筹划策略

随着教育事业的发展,高校教职工上缴个人所得税的数量因收入的增长也有很大的提升,教职工也越来越关注纳税筹划的问题,如何在国家税收法律法规的允许范围内合理节税,运用科学的筹划方法减轻高校教职工的负担。本文通过介绍纳税筹划的相关理论,针对不同的工薪种类提出纳税筹划方法。     

出口二元边际、行业异质性与劳动生产率

基于行业异质性视角,文章主要考察出口二元边际对劳动生产率的影响.利用UN Comtrade数据库,采用HK指数法测度中国出口深度边际和出口广度边际,发现中国出口产品种类基本覆盖了世界全部种类的90％.进一步地,借助聚类分析方法综合多种因素区分行业劳动技能异质性,出口二元边际与劳动生产率关系的实证结果显示:总体上出口深度边际显著推动劳动生产率提高,出口广度边际对劳动生产率产生抑制作用.更为重要的是,出口深度边际对劳动生产率的促进作用仅存在于高技能行业,受限于行业产品技术含量和劳动技能水平等,低技能和中等技能行业出口深度边际出现贫困化增长现象.出口种类扩张的生产率损失超过出口溢出效应的生产率收益,出口广度边际对高中低技能行业劳动生产率具有不同程度的负向影响.     

手工业社会主义改造及其效率分析(1953—1956年)——基于浙江的研究

20世纪50年代,国家对手工业进行合作化改造。在此过程中除了为手工业提供必要的技术、资金、原料等方面的支持外,发生最大变化的是手工业的生产关系,国家取代以往众多的商人、工场主,成为实际意义上的“包买商”,试图以社会化大生产的方式来提高手工业的生产力,进而壮大社会主义经济成分。但合作化后期所反映出来的种种问题揭示了只有在生产关系基本适应生产力的情况下,才能真正、有效地推动生产力的发展。     

农户兼业、生产性服务与水稻种植面积决策——基于11省1646户农户的实证研究

本文基于全国11省1646户农户调研数据,构建实证模型分析了农户兼业、生产性服务与水稻种植面积之间的关系。结果表明,在兼业农户比重和平均兼业水平都很高的背景下,兼业导致的“劳动力流失效应”在纯农户和兼业农户的种植面积决策中均有所体现,并且在一兼农户中表现最为显著,而“投资效应”仅体现在纯农户的种植面积决策上。接受生产性服务有助于提高各类农户的种植面积,能够缓解种稻劳动力流失对种植面积造成的负面影响,同时能够缓解一兼农户农业收入比重下降对种植面积造成的负面影响。由此,加强粮食产业生产性服务体系建设、加大纯农户粮食生产补贴力度等是稳定我国水稻生产的重要举措。     

The labour market flexibility debate in India: Re‐examining the case for signing voluntary contracts

A major focus of India's ongoing policy debate over labour market flexibilization has been the statutory requirement that firms employing 100 or more workers cannot dismiss employees without prior government permission. The case for repealing that requirement (or greatly increasing the workforce threshold) is notably underpinned by Basu, Fields and Debgupta (2009). Here, the author challenges their particular theoretical argument for hiring and firing at will based on the voluntary signing of contracts, demonstrating that their general policy conclusion is logically unsustainable even within the framework of that model. The case for labour market flexibilization through voluntary contracting thus remains unfounded.     

Resilience in low-income African American women living and aging with HIV

Women are living with HIV into middle and older age and are likely to face multiple comorbidities and stressors as they age. This study focused on understanding how women who experience multiple forms of oppression and ongoing adversity are still able to adapt and stand strong. Using a theoretical framework of resilience and a feminist research ideology, interviews of eight middle-aged and older African American women living with HIV were analyzed. Despite experiences of HIV-related discrimination, trauma, and violence, these women demonstrated a remarkable ability to adapt and maintain support. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

Financing Innovation Development in the Context of Foreign Experience and Domestic Practice

The importance of innovation development is determined by the strategic role that true innovations play in the development of the state and the formation of a healthy, competitive economy. The organization of massive industrial production—which applies advanced technological achievements and science-intensive knowledge to form an infrastructure for innovation—should be a key component of the government’s strategic policy to develop the national economy. In Russia, the infrastructure for innovation is less developed than other industrialized countries. This article considers the consequences of this underdevelopment, and proposes several ways of financing basic and applied research on the basis of foreign precedent and domestic practice.