提高劳动报酬在初次分配中比重的几点思考

十七大报告提出要提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重,这对当前我国市场经济下收入分配体制改革具有重要指导意义。提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重,有利于贯彻按劳分配原则,有助于实现初次分配的公平性,有助于缩小收入差距,有助于增加劳动者的收入。要提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重,需要劳动者和政府顺应市场经济的要求共同努力。     

我国知识失业现象及其负面效应解析

近年来,知识失业已成为我国一个十分令人关注的现象,它造成了我国人力资源的严重浪费,并给社会和个人带来了极大的负面效应。本文概述了我国目前知识失业情况,并从多角度解析了我国产生知识失业的原因及其负面效应,提出了自己的几点建议。     

结构性价值对质性价值的替代——鲍德里亚《象征交换与死亡》解读

鲍德里亚提出,传统政治经济学中的价值规律在现代资本主义运行中越来越脱离了原先的轨道,超越了传统商品经济的模式,价值不再指向真实存在的具体效用性,而转向自身的不确定的代码结构,无中生有的结构性价值取代了斯密-马克思劳动生产的质性指涉价值,由此,传统意义上的生产和劳动都终结了。     

劳动力市场分割对农村流动劳动力收入水平的影响——来自甘肃省十个样本村的调查与争析

近年来,劳动力外出务工已成为农民增收的一个重要途径。农村流动劳动力作为一个特殊群体,影响其收入的因素既具有居民收入的一般规律。又具有其特殊性。现有的研究一般以传统人力资本理论和收入均等化理论等为基础,来分析农村流动劳动力收入水平的影响因素。本文以甘肃省农村流动劳动力的调查数据为样本,试图从流动劳动力的人口学特征、就职行业、流动去向及工作稳定性等四个方面分析劳动力市场分割对农民工收入水平的影响。     

深化户籍管理制度改革 进一步适应市场经济发展

改革开放动摇了传统户籍管理制度,市场经济发展要求建立城乡一体化的劳动力市场,在传统户籍管理制度基础上的修修改改已不能满足时代要求。因此,必须建立与市场经济发展相一致的全新户籍管理制度。     

Ethnic‐Controlled Economy or Segregation? Exploring Inequality in Latina/o Co‐Ethnic Jobsites1

Recent research has increasingly focused on how ethnicity operates within labor markets. Due to perceptions of intragroup homogeneity and assumptions that inequality only occurs between majority whites and people of color, most research has neglected intragroup economic inequality. This study examines how skin color, immigration/nativity status, and gender influence wage differentials in Latina/o co‐ethnic jobsites (where workers are the same ethnicity). Using data from the Los Angeles Study of Urban Inequality (LASUI), it is found that there are skin color, immigration/nativity status, and sex wage gaps among Latina/os working in co‐ethnic jobsites. Moreover, illustrating intersectionality, immigrant women and dark‐skinned immigrants suffer from wage gaps in co‐ethnic jobsites. Unexpectedly, some Latinas experience a wage advantage, in comparison with Latinos, which is associated with lighter skin. The author suggests that Latinas are subjected to multiple‐jeopardy situations in which they experience an intersection of inequalities in jobsites saturated by co‐ethnics but that lightness of skin color functions as a form of social capital. Thus, research on the benefits or costs associated with working with co‐ethnics cannot be extended to the entire ethnic group. The conclusion is that for Central Americans and Mexicans, co‐ethnic jobsites are generally forms of segregated employment with limited protection from discrimination.     

基于人力资源管理价值链视角的“用工荒”现象分析

本文基于人力资源管理价值链的视角,分析了政府和企业在农民工这一特殊人力资源类型的价值创造、价值评价和价值分配的三个环节管理中存在的问题。这些问题最终导致了＂用工荒＂现象的产生。政府层面存在的主要问题有：在价值评创造环节中,缺乏对低端劳动力群体的规划、建立统一的劳动力市场和对农民工技能培训经费的投入不足;在价值评价环节,缺乏对技能人才的评价机制;在价值分配环节,对农民工利益保障的立法不完善且执法不严。企业层面存在的主要问题有：在价值创造环节,只重使用,不重培养;在价值评价环节,缺乏多种评价手段;在价值分配环节,企业发放给农民工的薪酬福利低,针对以上问题,从政府和企业两个层面,提出了相应的解决对策。     

北洋政府时期的劳动立法问题探析

中国的劳动立法开始于20世纪20年代的北洋政府时期。这一时期,迫于工人运动的压力,政府相继出台了工厂法、矿山交通劳动法、工会组织法、劳工福利法等方面的法规。这些劳动立法,从理论和制度层面上来讲是一大进步。然而,北洋政府制定劳动法规的根本目的是为了抑制工人反抗,调和劳资矛盾,维护统治秩序,并未想从根本上改变劳工的劳动和生活状况及其社会地位。因此,北洋政府时期劳动立法的实施成效欠佳,其制度的建设意义远大于对工人保障的实际意义。     

Corporate Quotas and Symbolic Politics in Advanced Democracies

ABSTRACT

This article identifies trends in the adoption and implementation of quotas for corporate boards, an underresearched topic in political science. Corporate quotas—like legislative quotas—constitute the “fast track” to gender equality but appear more commonly in advanced democracies. These corporate quotas fall into three categories: laws covering all companies; laws covering state-owned companies only; and nonbinding (voluntary) measures in corporate governance codes. Despite on-paper differences, these corporate quotas are largely toothless. First generation corporate quotas, like first generation legislative quotas, operate symbolically. By raising the specter of stringent legislation in the long run, corporate quotas induce firms into voluntary compliance in the short run.     

Are all jobs created equal? A cross-national analysis of women's employment and child malnutrition in developing countries

Using multi-level models, the analysis examines female employment and child stunting across 49 developing countries. At the country level, female labor force participation is not associated with malnutrition after controlling for economic development. At the individual level, a binary measure of employment is not significantly associated with malnutrition. However, a more nuanced measure of seven occupational categories shows that certain types of employment improve malnutrition. Professional, clerical, sales, and domestic jobs are associated with reduced stunting. These effects are only partially mediated by wealth, perhaps suggesting that some jobs may bring benefits to the household beyond the sheer acquisition of tangible resources. Agricultural jobs are associated with increased malnutrition. Manual labor and service work do not have an effect on malnutrition, compared to unemployment. Thus, women's employment is not necessarily a mechanism for empowerment and wellbeing. Not all jobs are created equal, and many of them do not confer the benefits that are typically associated with working outside the home.