Midlife Changes

Abstract

The life stage that ranges from approximately age forty to sixty-five in human development is a time of major changes for both men and women, yet this time frame is often neglected or de-emphasized in the intervention context. This article reviews the philosophical, biological, cultural, psychological, and social areas of human development in mid-life. These factors are identified and practice suggestions are made as we enter the new millennium.     

RESEARCH NOTE Some evidence against the assumption that approval of family planning is associated with frequency of spouses' discussion of the subject

Much previous work on the relationship between respondent's reported frequency of discussion with spouse about family planning and correctness of reporting spouse's approval of family planning has led to the conclusion that discussion promotes approval. In this paper, data from the 1998 Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys are used to show that a focus on the relationship between frequency of discussion and correctness of reporting partner's disapproval of family planning leads to sceptical conclusions about the effects of discussion in improving knowledge of partner's attitude or in promoting approval.     

Comparing Expressed and Revealed Preferences for Risk Reduction: Different Hazards and Question Frames

Studies often note the wide differences that exist in costs per death avoided across U.S. federal programs and regulatory contexts. This paper explores two new, related explanations for these differences. First, it argues that the patterns of revealed preferences (public allocations) may be related to public values, which are measured here through subjects' expressed preference responses to a contingent valuation survey regarding risk reduction. Subjects' expressed values are compared to actual (and proposed) costs of safety regulations for a similar set of hazards. We discover strong congruence in the ranking of expressed values and actual values. Second, the paper presents the results of a subsequent survey that investigates why the patterns observed in the first survey might occur. It suggests that one reason for the observed similarities between revealed and expressed preferences may be in how choices are framed. The paper hypothesizes that both subjects and decision makers may frame valuation decisions in the same way: as percentage changes from the reference point provided by the base rate of deaths for that hazard.     

西方国家大学生贫困观念的变迁与贫困生资助

从大学产生时起,学校就有了贫困生。由于贫困观念的变迁,资助贫困学生的方法也就有了很大变化。这种变化主要分为三个阶段:慈善阶段、教育公平阶段、成本分担阶段。     

基于投入产出技术的企业价格变动模型及其应用

本文建立了企业产品价格综合变动影响的四种不同的测算模型。可用于测算中间产品价格和初始投入变化及其连锁影响。     

明朝中后期妇女问题新识

明朝中后期由于商品经济的高度发展,客观上有利于妇女地位的提高。妇女服饰的争奇斗妍,是明朝中后期社会生活“僭拟无涯”的突出表现。缠足的松动,贞节观念的淡漠,士大夫女性意识的改观,一时蔚为风尚。正视这些新动向,有利于全面把握明朝中后期的社会变迁。     

论跨国公司对华投资战略调整

"入世"后,随着我国投资环境的进一步改善,跨国公司对华投资呈现出一系列新特点,投资规模、投资方式、投资领域等都发生了一些新变化。本文就其变化的趋势以及可能对我国经济产生的影响进行了分析。这对在新形势下进一步改善投资环境,积极引进外资以促进我国经济健康稳定地发展有一定的现实意义。     

从《清议报一百册祝辞》看梁启超新闻思想的变化

作为中国近代报业奠基人之一的梁启超,在长期新闻实践中积累了丰富的新闻理论。其新闻思想可以以1899年为界分为前后两期:前期主要强调报纸的"去塞求通"作用;后期则是新闻自由以及新闻的教愚民、振民气作用,他对新闻事业的贡献则是不容否定的。     

A Comparison of Gambling by Minnesota Public School Students in 1992, 1995, and 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare rates of gambling among Minnesota public school students between 1992, 1995, and 1998. The three samples included 75,806 students in the 9th and 12th grades in 1992; 73,897 9th and 12th grade students in 1995; and 78,564 9th and 12th grade students in 1998. Students were administered the Minnesota Student Survey, a 121-item, anonymous, self-administered, paper-and-pencil questionnaire that inquires about multiple behavioral domains, including gambling behaviors. The same questionnaire, with minor revisions to the gambling items, was administered in 1992, 1995, and 1998 to students in their classrooms by the Minnesota Department of Education. The results showed two opposite trends. On the one hand, fewer students gambled in 1998 than in 1995 and 1992. On the other hand, there was a small, but growing number of 12th grade students who gambled frequently. In terms of trends over time for specific games, the lottery showed a significant decline in the number of 9th grade students who played at all. There was also a significant increase in the number of 12th grade students who played the lottery weekly or more often. The findings that frequent lottery gambling has increased among 12th grade students and that underage gambling continues among these students, are both cause for concern. This is the first generation of youth to be exposed to widespread accessability to legalized gambling venues and gambling advertising. Legalized gambling may be a new "rite of passage" for some of today's youth. It will be important to continue to monitor youth gambling and to provide information and resources to assist youth in making healthy decisions about their gambling behavior.     

困境与冲突:当代中国社会变迁过程的再诠释

就其本义来讲 ,“社会主义”起初不仅不是作为“现代化”的特殊形式而且还是作为“现代化”的对立面而提出来的。由于二者之间本来具有的对立性质 ,使得它们后来事实上的结合成为一个充满矛盾和冲突的过程。这是采用了“社会主义”制度来组织“现代化”过程的“后发外生型”国家所遭遇的一个特殊困境。正是“社会主义”和“现代化”过程二者之间内在本质上的差异构成了当代中国社会变迁过程中的基本矛盾和冲突。