和平手段掩盖下的领土扩张:日本外交中的“小笠原问题”

论及日本在近代的领土扩张时,国内学者往往将注意力集中在日本通过武力对领土的强取豪夺上。然而,标榜"文明开化"的日本为扩张自身领土手段频出,除了诉诸武力外,还通过外交谈判来满足其领土野心,小笠原群岛正是日本通过外交手段获得的领土。无论是幕末至明治初期,日本通过与英、美谈判确立了在小笠原群岛上的主权,还是"二战"结束后日本通过对美谈判实现了小笠原群岛的"复归",日本都是通过外交途径实现了疆域的扩张。深入探讨日本外交中的小笠原问题,将有助于对日本近代以领土扩张为目的外交手段的认识。     

Bayes Hilbert Spaces

A Bayes linear space is a linear space of equivalence classes of proportional σ‐finite measures, including probability measures. Measures are identified with their density functions. Addition is given by Bayes' rule and substraction by Radon–Nikodym derivatives. The present contribution shows the subspace of square‐log‐integrable densities to be a Hilbert space, which can include probability and infinite measures, measures on the whole real line or discrete measures. It extends the ideas from the Hilbert space of densities on a finite support towards Hilbert spaces on general measure spaces. It is also a generalisation of the Euclidean structure of the simplex, the sample space of random compositions. In this framework, basic notions of mathematical statistics get a simple algebraic interpretation. A key tool is the centred‐log‐ratio transformation, a generalization of that used in compositional data analysis, which maps the Hilbert space of measures into a subspace of square‐integrable functions. As a consequence of this structure, distances between densities, orthonormal bases, and Fourier series representing measures become available. As an application, Fourier series of normal distributions and distances between them are derived, and an example related to grain size distributions is presented. The geometry of the sample space of random compositions, known as Aitchison geometry of the simplex, is obtained as a particular case of the Hilbert space when the measures have discrete and finite support.     

我国村镇适度规模探析——基于人口数量和辖区面积角度

村镇(乡)是当前我国乡村治理的基本组织,担负着对乡村社会的管理与服务职能,适度的村镇规模能够有效促进农村城镇化建设。在新农村建设过程中,确定村镇的适度规模尤为重要。文章基于人口数量和辖区面积角度,探讨村镇适度规模的内涵及影响因素,剖析目前我国村镇发展中存在的问题,提出调整村镇区划、撤乡并村、动态管理等措施。     

Applying skovgaard's modified directed likelihood statistic to mixed linear models

The introduction of software to calculate maximum likelihood estimates for mixed linear models has made likelihood estimation a practical alternative to methods based on sums of squares. Likelihood based tests and confidence intervals, however, may be misleading in problems with small sample sizes. This paper discusses an adjusted version of the directed log-likelihood statistic for mixed models that is highly accurate for testing one parameter hypotheses. Indroduced by Skovgaard (1996, Journal of the Bernoulli Society,2,145-165), we show in mixed models that the statistic has a simple conpact from that may be obtained from standard software. Simulation studies indicate that this statistic is more accurate than many of the specialized procedure that have been advocated.     

The exponentiated Fréchet regression: an alternative model for actuarial modelling purposes

ABSTRACT

In this paper we introduce the exponentiated Fréchet regression for modelling positive responses having a long-tailed distribution in a regression model, which are common in actuarial statistics. We propose two parameterizations each of which links the regression parameters with the explanatory variables. We then discuss the maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters both theoretically and empirically. In order to meet the needs of an actuary, closed-form expressions for certain risk measures for the exponentiated Fréchet distribution are also derived. We employ the proposed model to a motorcycle claim size data set.     

关于国有企业先进文化建设的几点思考

文章从贯彻落实"三个代表"重要思想的高度,分析了国有企业先进文化建设的重大意义和存在的主要问题,界定和归纳了先进企业文化的基本内涵与特征,提出了建设先进企业文化的途径和措施。     

数控车床操作中发生碰撞原因及避免措施

在操作数控机床时往往会出现一些碰撞事故,本文结合实际分析其产生原因,并总结归纳了防止这类事故发生的措施.     

宪政视野下我国选举诉讼制度的思考

选举作为现代民主政治制度的基石,追求合法、公正是其基本目标和价值取向。任何实体权利都要求有相应的诉讼形式给予充分的保障,选举权也不例外。当前,我国的选举诉讼制度还存在一些不舍理的因素,在对我国选举诉讼制度的现状进行分析的基础上,提出了完善我国选举诉讼制度的相应对策。     

美国食品安全的监管变革及其对我国的启示

美国《FDA食品安全现代法》的出台,标志着美国对原有食品安全监管体系进行了彻底变革,其力度之大、范围之广以及程度之深,不仅在联邦食品药品管理局成立的70余年历史上是前所未有的,而且在全世界范围内也堪称一部模范性法律,一定程度上代表了今后食品安全监管改革的方向.由于采取了相似的管理体制,并且同样面临着食品来源多样以及监管资源不足等挑战,中、美两国在食品安全监管领域面临的很多问题都是共通的,因此,美国的变革举措尤其是强调预防控制的新思路理应为中国所借鉴.     

大学生网络成瘾的原因及预防措施

大学生中网络成瘾的现象越来越受到社会各界的关注。造成这种现象的原因是多方面的。高校应重点抓好各种覆盖面广、影响力大的预防措施,加强大学生网络素养教育,关注大学生的职业规划指导,营造良好的校园文化氛围,有效地预防网络所带来的负面影响,更好地维护大学生的身心健康发展。