Geographical variability and network structure

In this paper, we explore the potential implications of geographical variability for the structure of social networks. Beginning with some basic simplifying assumptions, we derive a number of ways in which local network structure should be expected to vary across a region whose population is unevenly distributed. To examine the manner in which these effects would be expected to manifest given realistic population distributions, we then perform an exploratory simulation study that examines the features of large-scale interpersonal networks generated using block-level data from the 2000 U.S. Census. Using a stratified sample of micropolitan and metropolitan areas with populations ranging from approximately 1000 to 1,000,000 persons, we extrapolatively simulate network structure using spatial network models calibrated to two fairly proximate social relations. From this sample of simulated networks, we examine the effect of both within-location and between-location heterogeneity on a variety of structural properties. As we demonstrate, geographical variability produces large and distinctive features in the “social fabric” that overlies it; at the same time, however, many aggregate network properties can be fairly well-predicted from relatively simple spatial demographic variables. The impact of geographical variability is thus predicted to depend substantially on the type of network property being assessed, and on the spatial scale involved.     

论高校入党积极分子教育培养的着力点

入党积极分子队伍是党员队伍的后备军,切实抓好入党积极分子的教育和培养是做好党员发展工作,保证新党员质量,加强党组织建设的必要保证。高校党务工作者应深入分析入党积极分子队伍建设面临的新情况新问题,着力从入党动机、理论素养、政治立场、学习态度、工作作风、群众基础等方面深入开展入党积极分子的教育培养工作,确保新党员质量。     

多性质多目标模糊指派模型在市政工程开发商选择中的应用

考虑了指派问题中涉及到多个目标要求的情况,包括定量目标和定性目标。首先,使用模糊数学的方法将定量目标下的效率值矩阵转化为优选决策矩阵,同时提出了定性目标的量化方法,并建立了定性目标的优选决策矩阵。然后,将各个目标要求下的优选决策矩阵进行了合成,考虑了综合效益对于“优”和“劣”之间多个等级的相对隶属度,建立了多性质、多目标模糊数学模型,得到了分级特征值矩阵。最后,与传统指派模型相结合形成了多性质、多目标模糊指派数学模型,使用匈牙利算法对该模型进行了求解,并结合市政工程在开发商之间分配的例子进行了分析说明。     

“Those foreigners ruin everything here”: Interactional functions of ethnic labelling among pupils in the Netherlands

This paper contributes to a deeper understanding of ethnic labelling practices by examining their interactional functions among secondary school pupils in Venlo, the Netherlands. Pupils with migration backgrounds often labelled themselves and others “Turk,” “Moroccan,” or “foreigner,” and labelled others “Dutch.” The paper highlights that ethnic labelling can be understood not only as identity construction, but also as interactional work. I build on membership categorization analysis (MCA), complemented by conversation analysis (CA), to analyse how pupils’ use of ethnic labels evoked an expert role which altered interactants’ power positions; and how, often, pupils engaged in jocular mockery with ethnic labels and in that way mitigated the effects of exclusionary and stigmatizing discourses about people with migration backgrounds. Finally, I argue that pupils’ labelling practices had locally occasioned meanings and functions, but that they ultimately reflect wider‐spread systems of categorization and marginalization of people with migration backgrounds in the Netherlands.     

How social ties transcend class boundaries? Network variability as tool for exploring occupational homophily

The research on social network analysis established the existence of class homophily, the tendency that personal networks are homogeneous in the class sense, as one of the governing patterns. This is explained via two main mechanisms: choice homophily and induced homophily. But the literature focused less on the question how can class boundaries be transgressed and what are the channels of class heterophily. This paper explores class heterophily on Croatian data acquired through position generator, which measures social capital (resources captured in social relations) by exploring the range of different occupational positions which are accessible to an individual (extensity index). Network variability is thereby taken as proxy for class composition of personal networks. The paper concludes that that political participation and sociability enable cross-class ties, since this offers an opportunity to meet and befriend people from all walks of life; and that people on the middle of the social hierarchy have the most diverse social networks. The hypotheses that social mobility can represent a vehicle for class heterophily; and that class heterophily is more pronounced in smaller settlements, where society networks show more overlap between social circles; were confirmed only partially, and require further investigation. These findings concern class boundaries related to the notion of choice homophily. As for induced homophily, the paper concludes that here too the boundaries are not watertight, as cultural omnivores have a wider range of class contacts.     

基于最大指标区分度与最优相对隶属度的上市公司信用风险研究

信用风险又称违约风险，是评价一笔债务由于某些因素遭受损失的可能性，因此信用评价体系既要有违约鉴别能力，又能给出违约产生的原因。本文涉及的问题一是如何在众多指标中筛选出对违约状态鉴别最大的指标组合，二是如何对指标赋予权重，使得权重体现指标真实的重要程度，三是如何选取兼顾分类性能和可解释性的模型。本文的方法一是通过指标区分度最大的广义F-Score、指标子集间冗余度最小的平均相关系数遴选出对违约状态鉴别能力最大的指标体系；二是通过构建组合赋权模型，以指标信息含量最大、赋权结果一致性最大为目标函数，得到一组最优的指标权重；三是以客户与类别的广义加权距离最小为目标函数，求解非线性目标规划得到客户在不同类别中的相对隶属度，以此得到客户所属类别。上市公司样本实证分析表明：（1）从610个指标中筛选出的31个指标既具有违约状态的区分能力，又符合"信用5C"原则，是一个科学、合理的指标体系；（2）通过组合赋权得到31个指标的权重，企业内部财务因素对信用评价影响最大，"营运资本周转率"的权重值最大，是影响企业信用评价的关键指标，"监事会会议次数"、"派息比"、"审计意见类型"等指标都是影响信用评价的重要指标；（3）与逻辑回归、支持向量机等8种模型对比发现，本文提出的相对隶属度模型不仅具有良好的分类性能，而且是一个平衡分类性能、可解释性的模型。     

1953—1957年我国农民“闹粮”“闹退社”事件的深层原因探析

作为过渡时期社会主义改造一翼的统购统销与农业合作化,在其贯彻实施与快速推进中,不可避免地实行了对农民的“剥夺”。加之,在其推行中,生产关系变革的某些环节不适应生产力发展的实际,激化了国家与农民、工人与农民以及农民内部之间的矛盾,引起部分农村地区“生产力起来暴动”。这是1953--1957年我国农民“闹粮”“闹退社”事件的深层次原因。     

基于博弈理论研究人职匹配就业模型

针对大学生就业难问题,应用博弈理论方法,将就业双向选择用相互匹配度表示,由此提出一种基于博弈分析方法的大学生就业数学模型。通过示例分析计算,表明该模型能帮助大学生找到满意的用人单位。     

中介语可变性在文体方面的研究

第二语言习得中,可变性引起了很大争议。目前的国内外对中介语可变性的研究大都体现集中在文化、心理方面,本文主要从中介语可变性在文体中方面入手,探讨中介语可变性在文体方面变化的体现方式以及影响因素,并提出它对日常交际和对外语教学的启示。     

高校非在编职工入会问题研究——以A大学为例

当前,高校非在编职工人数多、比例高,吸纳他们加入工会组织,依法维护其合法权益是高校的重要职责,也是事关学校和谐稳定的大事。然而,由于学历、收入、聘用方式等多方面差异,导致高校非在编职工在加入工会组织时面临入会意识缺乏、会费收取困难、管理难度大等多种困难。高校应通过增强入会意识、做好入会服务、简化入会手续、做好权益维护等多项举措,扫清非在编职工入会障碍,早日吸纳他们入会,以便更好地维护其合法权益,激发他们将更大热情投入到工作之中,为高校安全、稳定、发展做出更大贡献。