交易所治理结构比较研究综述

作为交易所两种主要的治理模式,会员制交易所与公司制交易所的本质区别表现为交易所三权(所有权、经营权和交易权)分配与营利性两方面。这两方面特征的差异导致了会员制与公司制交易所在决策机制、融资渠道、利益冲突、定价机制、技术、激励机制、创新能力、流动性、自律效率九个方面的差异。经过对会员制与公司制以上九个方面的比较,研究发现公司制交易所较之会员制交易所在多个方面更加优越,或者更加适合于目前的市场环境。     

基于隶属度转换新算法的河北省农村物流体系综合评价研究

首先根据科学性、全面性、可操作性等原则,结合河北省实际情况,构建适合河北省现状的现代农村物流体系评价指标体系;并利用定性和定量相结合的分析方法,即使用层次分析法确定指标体系中各指标的权重,同时应用隶属度转换新算法建立现代农村物流体系模糊综合评价模型,并结合河北省具体情况,进行实证研究,找出了河北省农村物流发展的薄弱环节,为提升河北省农村物流发展水平提供依据。     

The Practical Significance of Measurement Error in Pulmonary Function Testing Conducted in Research Settings

Conventional spirometry produces measurement error by using repeatability criteria (RC) to discard acceptable data and terminating tests early when RC are met. These practices also implicitly assume that there is no variation across maneuvers within each test. This has implications for air pollution regulations that rely on pulmonary function tests to determine adverse effects or set standards. We perform a Monte Carlo simulation of 20,902 tests of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁), each with eight maneuvers, for an individual with empirically obtained, plausibly normal pulmonary function. Default coefficients of variation for inter‐ and intratest variability (3% and 6%, respectively) are employed. Measurement error is defined as the difference between results from the conventional protocol and an unconstrained, eight‐maneuver alternative. In the default model, average measurement error is shown to be ～5%. The minimum difference necessary for statistical significance at p < 0.05 for a before/after comparison is shown to be 16%. Meanwhile, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has deemed single‐digit percentage decrements in FEV₁ sufficient to justify more stringent national ambient air quality standards. Sensitivity analysis reveals that results are insensitive to intertest variability but highly sensitive to intratest variability. Halving the latter to 3% reduces measurement error by 55%. Increasing it to 9% or 12% increases measurement error by 65% or 125%, respectively. Within‐day FEV₁ differences ≤5% among normal subjects are believed to be clinically insignificant. Therefore, many differences reported as statistically significant are likely to be artifactual. Reliable data are needed to estimate intratest variability for the general population, subpopulations of interest, and research samples. Sensitive subpopulations (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD patients, asthmatics, children) are likely to have higher intratest variability, making it more difficult to derive valid statistical inferences about differences observed after treatment or exposure.     

Topics in Microbial Risk Assessment: Dynamic Flow Tree Process

Microbial risk assessment is emerging as a new discipline in risk assessment. A systematic approach to microbial risk assessment is presented that employs data analysis for developing parsimonious models and accounts formally for the variability and uncertainty of model inputs using analysis of variance and Monte Carlo simulation. The purpose of the paper is to raise and examine issues in conducting microbial risk assessments. The enteric pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 was selected as an example for this study due to its significance to public health. The framework for our work is consistent with the risk assessment components described by the National Research Council in 1983 (hazard identification; exposure assessment; dose-response assessment; and risk characterization). Exposure assessment focuses on hamburgers, cooked a range of temperatures from rare to well done, the latter typical for fast food restaurants. Features of the model include predictive microbiology components that account for random stochastic growth and death of organisms in hamburger. For dose-response modeling, Shigella data from human feeding studies were used as a surrogate for E. coli O157:H7. Risks were calculated using a threshold model and an alternative nonthreshold model. The 95% probability intervals for risk of illness for product cooked to a given internal temperature spanned five orders of magnitude for these models. The existence of even a small threshold has a dramatic impact on the estimated risk.     

三权分置背景下土地承包经营权的分离与重构

新一轮农村土地制度改革的政策意蕴是,最大限度地剥离土地承包经营权超载的、原本属于集体土地所有权的、公法层面的生活保障功能和农村治理功能,使土地承包经营权回复完全的物权属性。由于现行法律将土地承包权的内容附着在土地承包经营权上进行一体规定,集体土地所有权的功能内容迁及到土地承包经营权,因此将土地承包权从土地承包经营权中分离出来是使土地承包经营权回复物权属性并达到改革目的的根本方法,其中土地承包权是成员权的具体权能,是取得土地承包经营权的前提,这与三权分置下的土地承包权不是一个概念。土地承包经营权分离出土地承包权而形成的这个新权利将具备包括抵押在内的完全的处分权能,其应当沿用土地承包经营权的权利名称,并应当采取登记生效主义模式设立。     

一类两层规划问题模糊满意解的遗传算法

在现有两层规划问题求解方法的基础上,提出用浮点数编码的遗传算法求解该问题模糊满意解的新方法．这种方法每次提供给决策者一组近似最优解,通过决策者的比较、评价和选择,在交互过程中得到各决策者都满意的解．该方法不仅可以给决策者提供更多的决策环境信息,而且可以适应决策者偏好的变化,使得决策过程更合理,更符合人的认识过程．     

顺应论下中文电视访谈中闪避的变异性研究

闪避作为交际策略的一种,在访谈节目中倍受嘉宾亲睐。在此运用Verschueren的顺应论来探讨访谈类电视节目中,闪避策略的变异性。经过研究发现,在电视访谈节目中,嘉宾主要运用的闪避策略能从以下三个特征来体现顺应论的变异性：改换问题的语境;有意地改变谈话的主题;有意地违返格莱斯的方式准则。在实际的访谈中,三者之间并不是泾渭分明,而是互相交织,它们的交织更多地体现在后两个特征的互相贯穿使用上,而且它们互为因果。     

大学生入党动机问题与正确的引导

大学生是我党执政兴国、全面建设小康社会的后备生力军之源,端正大学生的入党动机无疑是高校党建工作质量控制的首要解决问题。面时大学生入党动机中现实主义、非常态自我肯定乃至无共产主义信仰等错误倾向,必须坚持正确的入党动机在党建工作中的基石地位,通过加强政治理论学习和实践锻炼,以不断地扬弃整合方式,引导大学生树立正确的入党动机,提高我党的执政能力。     

Uncertainty and Variability in Health-Related Damages from Coal-Fired Power Plants in the United States

The health‐related damages associated with emissions from coal‐fired power plants can vary greatly across facilities as a function of plant, site, and population characteristics, but the degree of variability and the contributing factors have not been formally evaluated. In this study, we modeled the monetized damages associated with 407 coal‐fired power plants in the United States, focusing on premature mortality from fine particulate matter (PM_2.5). We applied a reduced‐form chemistry‐transport model accounting for primary PM_2.5 emissions and the influence of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions on secondary particulate formation. Outputs were linked with a concentration‐response function for PM_2.5‐related mortality that incorporated nonlinearities and model uncertainty. We valued mortality with a value of statistical life approach, characterizing and propagating uncertainties in all model elements. At the median of the plant‐specific uncertainty distributions, damages across plants ranged from $30,000 to $500,000 per ton of PM_2.5, $6,000 to $50,000 per ton of SO₂, $500 to $15,000 per ton of NO_x, and $0.02 to $1.57 per kilowatt‐hour of electricity generated. Variability in damages per ton of emissions was almost entirely explained by population exposure per unit emissions (intake fraction), which itself was related to atmospheric conditions and the population size at various distances from the power plant. Variability in damages per kilowatt‐hour was highly correlated with SO₂ emissions, related to fuel and control technology characteristics, but was also correlated with atmospheric conditions and population size at various distances. Our findings emphasize that control strategies that consider variability in damages across facilities would yield more efficient outcomes.     

从差异到共识：社会选择如何实现——基于CC市汽车配件市场场地变迁的分析

针对社会选择的不可能性,阿玛蒂亚.森提出的解决方案是扩展信息。在交往实践中不断扩展的信息可以增加理性知识、提高价值认同、有效减少分歧,实现社会选择。现通过对中国东北一个汽车配件市场经营场地变迁的个案研究,区分了具体社会选择过程中信息扩展的两种不同方式,自上而下的线性扩展和交往实践中的圈子扩展,并分别探讨了这两种不同扩展方式的效果,在实践场域中考察人们的选择行为和选择结果。