中小学校长职业发展阶段分析

随着教育全球化和市场化的发展，校长职业发展成为教育界的热门话题。从普通教师到引领学校健康发展的成熟校长需要经过四个阶段：职前预备期、适应期、称职期和成熟期。不同发展时期对校长具有不同的要求，校长只有顺应这些要求不断进取，才能成长为能够为我国教育事业作出贡献的校长。     

Enriching Resources for the Poor: Lessons from the Philippines

The paper provides an overview of the poverty situation in the Philippines, followed by a brief profile and assessment of two anti‐poverty programs: the Kapit‐Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan‐Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services (KALAHI‐CIDSS) program and the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps). Official statistics disclose that the global economic crisis in 2008 adversely affected Filipino households, leading to higher levels of poverty especially in rural areas. In response, government introduced an Economic Resiliency Program with social protection as one component. Sixty‐six social protection programs were launched, including the two under review. KALAHI‐CIDSS and the 4Ps apply poverty reduction strategies that focus on the development of human and social capital, rather than economic capital. They involve processes and relationships that aim to improve the other dimensions of poverty, such as lack of access to opportunities or deprivation of basic human necessities. Qualitative and quantitative reports describe generally favorable outcomes from both programs. However, these gains at the household level need to be supported by relevant policy, enhanced public services and badly‐needed infrastructure programs from government, in order to sustain achievements culled from social protection programs and attain broader developmental impacts.     

清初"外藩蒙古十三旗"杂考

本文依据清崇德二年蒙古文档案澄清了清代史籍中有关"外藩蒙古十三旗"的说法,解决了清初在内蒙古设旗和朝贡方面的一个疑难问题.指出了<旧满洲档>在记载清初蒙古牛录和户数上的错误和蒙古文档案的价值,还附带讨论了察哈尔部和硕亲王额哲旗不在"外藩蒙古十三旗"内和"外藩二十七旗"及"外藩四十九旗"的问题.     

中国共产党第三代领导集体民族理论是马克思主义民族理论在中国发展的新阶段--中国共产党第三代领导集体民族理论研究之十四

中国共产党第三代领导集体的民族理论,继承和发展了马克思主义民族理论,是马克思主义民族理论在中国发展的新阶段.本文主要论述了关于少数民族地区经济发展和改革开放的理论、关于培养少数民族干部和民族工作理论、关于少数民族地区社会事业发展理论等方面的继承和发展.     

论民族地区全面建设小康社会中的科技创新

要文章立足于民族地区社会经济发展和演变的实际,分析了民族地区全面建设小康社会中的科技创新现状,探讨了民族地区走科技创新的新路子的途径。     

论中华民族的多元民族文化观

民族文化观是人们对一个民族包括自身民族与他民族文化的观念、态度和价值取向。中华民族的多元文化观产生于多元的文化起源,形成于多民族长期的接触与交往。它既有多元的特征,也有一体的特征。在历史上,这种文化态度对中国各民族团结、国家和平统一以及社会发展都发挥了积极的作用。在世界格局与中国社会发生重大变革的当今社会,多元民族文化观依然具有很强的现实意义。     

正确处理少数民族问题巩固了党的执政基础——建国初期的历史考察

建国初期,中国共产党对少数民族问题的正确处理与解决,不仅使各少数民族第一次获得了全面发展的权利和机会,也使得刚刚实现全国执政的中国共产党赢得了少数民族群众的拥护和支持,从而为此后的长期执政奠定了坚实而巩固的基础。建国初期,中国共产党正确处理少数民族问题的实践和经验,对于新时期构建和谐民族关系,巩固党的执政基础仍具有重要的指导和借鉴意义。     

Consistent Probabilistic Social Choice

Two fundamental axioms in social choice theory are consistency with respect to a variable electorate and consistency with respect to components of similar alternatives. In the context of traditional non‐probabilistic social choice, these axioms are incompatible with each other. We show that in the context of probabilistic social choice, these axioms uniquely characterize a function proposed by Fishburn (1984). Fishburn's function returns so‐called maximal lotteries, that is, lotteries that correspond to optimal mixed strategies in the symmetric zero‐sum game induced by the pairwise majority margins. Maximal lotteries are guaranteed to exist due to von Neumann's Minimax Theorem, are almost always unique, and can be efficiently computed using linear programming.     

Female Labor Supply,Human Capital,and Welfare Reform

We estimate a dynamic model of employment, human capital accumulation—including education, and savings for women in the United Kingdom, exploiting tax and benefit reforms, and use it to analyze the effects of welfare policy. We find substantial elasticities for labor supply and particularly for lone mothers. Returns to experience, which are important in determining the longer‐term effects of policy, increase with education, but experience mainly accumulates when in full‐time employment. Tax credits are welfare improving in the U.K., increase lone‐mother labor supply and marginally reduce educational attainment, but the employment effects do not extend beyond the period of eligibility. Marginal increases in tax credits improve welfare more than equally costly increases in income support or tax cuts.     

Competition and The Operational Performance of Hospitals: The Role of Hospital Objectives

We examine the effect of a hospital's objective (i.e., non‐profit vs. for‐profit) in hospital markets for elective care. Using game‐theoretic analysis and queueing models to capture the operational performance of hospitals, we compare the equilibrium behavior of three market settings in terms of such criteria as waiting times and patient costs from waiting and hospital payments. In the first setting, a monopoly, patients are served exclusively by a single non‐profit hospital; in the second, a homogeneous duopoly, patients are served by two competing non‐profit hospitals. In our third setting, a heterogeneous duopoly, the market is served by one non‐profit hospital and one for‐profit hospital. A non‐profit hospital provides free care to patients, although they may have to wait; for‐profit hospitals charge a fee to provide care with minimal waiting. A comparison between the monopolistic and each of the duopolistic settings reveals that the introduction of competition can hamper a hospital's ability to attain economies of scale and can also increase waiting times. Moreover, the presence of a for‐profit sector may be desirable only when the hospital market is sufficiently competitive. A comparison across the duopolistic settings indicates that the choice between homogeneous and heterogeneous competition depends on the patients' willingness to wait before receiving care and the reimbursement level of the non‐profit sector. When the public funder is not financially constrained, the presence of a for‐profit sector may allow the funder to lower both the financial costs of providing coverage and the total costs to patients. Finally, our analysis suggests that the public funder should exercise caution when using policy tools that support the for‐profit sector—for example, patient subsidies—because such tools may increase patient costs in the long run; it might be preferable to raise the non‐profit sector's level of reimbursement.