自由优先于功利?--从罗尔斯对功利主义的批评来看

罗尔斯对功利主义提出了比较系统的批评 ,然而 ,面对这些批评 ,功利主义并非没有回避的余地。罗尔斯由此提出的正义优先于善、自由优先于功利等也不是尽善尽美的。实际上 ,功利主义与非功利主义都有一定的适用限度 ,优先性问题的提出本身是成问题的。     

考虑风险因素的客户评价与选择研究

应用效用理论考虑客户终生价值的不确定性,根据客户的期望效用对客户进行评价,权衡价值与风险来优化选择客户组合.通过蒙特卡罗仿真方法得到客户终生价值分布样本,并以此计算期望效用;通过实际案例,揭示期望价值相近的客户可能表现出风险的巨大差异.对比期望价值和期望效用方法所得到的前30名客户组合,发现采用风险规避型期望效用方法得到的客户资产期望价值虽然有所减少,但风险大大降低.通过这种方法,管理者能体现自己对客户终生价值分布风险的偏好,根据当前的市场战略选择重点客户进行投资.     

Preference for Flexibility in a Savage Framework

We study preferences over Savage acts that map states to opportunity sets and satisfy the Savage axioms. Preferences over opportunity sets may exhibit a preference for flexibility due to an implicit uncertainty about future preferences reflecting anticipated unforeseen contingencies. The main result of this paper characterizes maximization of the expected indirect utility in terms of an ‘Indirect Stochastic Dominance’ axiom that expresses a preference for ‘more opportunities in expectation.’ The key technical tool of the paper, a version of Möbius inversion, has been imported from the theory of nonadditive belief functions; it allows an alternative representation using Choquet integration, and yields a simple proof of Kreps' (1979) classic result.     

The Ex Ante Incentive Compatible Core in the Absence of Wealth Effects

In a differential information economy with quasi–linear utilities, monetary transfers facilitate the fulfillment of incentive compatibility constraints: the associated ex ante core is generically nonempty. However, we exhibit a well–behaved exchange economy in which this core is empty, even if goods are allocated through random mechanisms.