A lattice of participation: reflecting on examples of children's and young people's collective engagement in influencing social welfare policies and practices

The article introduces four case studies from Wales, France and Finland and explores the situated, intergenerational and dynamic nature of collective participation in child welfare settings. Collective participation is conceived of as a process of engagement in which children and young people have some influence over the initiation or direction of a project; and as seeking a product, or outcome. The case studies represent a range of forms of collective engagement and highlight some key resources which supported children's participation (communicative spaces, time, money, knowledge, social position, attitudes, social networks, institutional commitment, equipment, food and transport). Challenges encountered in achieving effective participation in different nations within Europe are also identified, related to generation barriers and the distribution of resources. These elements are used to construct a lattice of participation: a model for conceptualising children and young people's collective engagement in participatory projects. The model provides a tool for visualising how, at different stages of a project, actors (children, young facilitators, adults and institutions) exercise influence by directing the use of different resources, such as finance and time. It invites reflection on why influence is limited in some stages of a participatory project, and how it is supported in other stages.     

网络服务提供者( ISP)信息披露制度——以著作权法领域为中心

在信息技术的发展背景下,网络侵权数量呈现直线飙升.关于网络服务提供者间接侵权责任的建立使权利人确认直接侵权人陷入困境.著作权领域的司法和实践为信息披露制度的建立奠定了良好的基础.立足我国的具体实际和网络现状,信息披露制度应当规定包括网络接入服务提供者在内的网络服务提供者均负有一定的信息披露义务,严格信息披露的条件,采用“通知与反通知”的履行方式,明确网络服务提供者信息披露制度下的责任分配,促使网络服务提供者制定统一的信息披露行业规定.     

Processes Employed by Social Work Practitioners in Child Welfare for Exchanging and Using Knowledge

Organisations in the health and social services sector expend a considerable amount of energy promoting the implementation of better practices and research data use in their establishments. In the field of social work, several studies suggest that social work practitioners do not make great use of scientific knowledge and tend to favour knowledge acquired from their colleagues or through their own occupational experience. However, interactions between types of knowledge are rarely analyzed in explanations proposed by the scientific literature. Based on research conducted with social work practitioners in child welfare, this article discusses the different ways that they acquire knowledge.     

CO-OFDM系统中基于线性预处理的新相位噪声抑制算法

针对相干光正交频分复用（coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,CO-OFDM）系统中相位噪声引起的载波间干扰（inter-carrier interference,ICI）问题,提出了一种基于线性预处理的新判决反馈相位噪声抑制算法。该新算法改进了线性预处理部分,利用循环前缀与OFDM符号固有的相关性,在时域进行简单的线性组合运算,充分利用了OFDM符号中冗余信息。仿真分析表明,在激光器线宽为200 kHz且误码率（bit error rate, BER）为10－4时,与判决反馈相位噪声抑制算法和一次迭代的判决反馈相位噪声抑制算法相比,该新算法BER曲线的信噪比（signal to noise ratio,SNR）分别改善了3 dB和1 dB,有效地降低由ICI引起的错误平层。     

一种复合的自治域级拓扑发现方法

随着网络技术的发展,面对新的挑战,传统网络逐渐力不从心,软件定义网络（software-defined network, SDN）领衔的未来网络应运而生,随之而来的是各类网络测量技术纷纷针对未来网络发生演变,但拓扑结构测量在传统网络环境下的作用仍然不可忽视。在自治域级的网络拓扑中,每个自治域都可以简化为一个点,而用两点之间的连线表示自治域间的邻接关系。近年来有许多相关的研究展示了不同的拓扑发现算法。提出了一种简单高效的方法来推断自治域级的拓扑,利用在网络中部署高速采集器采集边界网关协议（border gateway protocol,BGP）路由器上的路由表以及BGP协议的更新信息来推断网络拓扑结构,并判定自治域的相关属性。实验证明了该方法能够达到预期效果,全面、准确地推断网络在自治域级的拓扑结构。     

Pathways of disadvantage: Explaining the relationship between maternal depression and children’s problem behaviors

A large body of literature documents that children of depressed mothers have impaired cognitive, behavioral, and health outcomes throughout the life course, though much less is known about the mechanisms linking maternal depression to children’s outcomes. In this paper, I use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to estimate and explain the consequences of maternal depression for 5-year-old children’s internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. Ordinary least squared (OLS) regression models and propensity score models show that children exposed to both chronic and intermittent maternal depression have more problem behaviors than their counterparts with never depressed mothers. Results also show that economic resources and maternal parenting behaviors mediate much of the association between maternal depression and children’s problem behaviors, but that relationships with romantic partners and social support do little to explain this association. This research extends past literature by illuminating some mechanisms through which maternal depression matters for children; by utilizing longitudinal measures of depression; by employing rigorous statistical techniques to lend confidence to the findings; and by using a large, diverse, and non-clinical sample of children most susceptible to maternal depression. Given that early childhood problem behaviors lay a crucial foundation for short- and long-term life trajectories, the social consequences of maternal depression may be far-reaching.     

日本明治后期《支那语学》月刊传播北京官话的历史意义

《支那语学》创刊于1907年6月,是当时世界范围内推广北京官话、传播中国文化最为重要的学术月刊之一。该杂志栏目设置很有创意:从教学角度安排北京官话语言基本知识学习内容;从培养语言学习能力角度安排汉日译解、翻译、写作、阅读基本能力训练内容;强调中国文化导入,加深读者对北京官话的整体性理解;以月刊为手段,迅捷传播中国信息,引发读者兴趣;内容选择强调趣味性、生动性、口语性、通俗性、学术性;版式设计新颖灵活,不拘一格,在对日北京官话教育史、汉语史、清末中日两国关系、文化交流等方面具有较高研究价值。《支那语学》应用现代传媒手段,拓展了北京官话的教学空间,标志着实体学校之外期刊杂志取得了传播北京官话的话语权;学校教学和杂志教学有机结合,直接把北京官话教学延伸到了社会,开放性强;实现了日本"国家语言政策"的目标;对后来北京官话教学期刊发展影响至深,对今天中国"国别"对外汉语教学机构和期刊结合教学、国家推广汉语战略政策的制订都具有较强的启发意义。     

“二十四贤”与“汉魏革命”

十卷本《陶潜集·四八目》所载的魏文帝于汉魏禅代之际彰表"二十四贤"之事,可以认为源自确切的汉末魏晋史料,具有重要的史料价值。"二十四贤"的人选构成来自于东汉后期的"清流"士人群体,既包括了积极参与反外戚、反宦官政治活动的官僚士人,也包括了以隐居不仕表达消极反抗之意的民间处士。曹丕在代汉建魏前夕彰表如是面貌的"二十四贤",显示了曹魏王朝君臣以汉末清流的继承者自居的政治立场,也是着眼于重构王朝秩序的"汉魏革命"的组成部分。     

投保人信赖利益保护问题

就如何维护投保人的信赖利益这一问题,理论上存在三种方案,即扩大合同成立的可能性、认定存在先合同义务以及扩大保险人的侵权责任范围.通过合同法或侵权法的一般原则来保护投保人的信赖利益均有可能侵蚀合同自由原则.相对而言,先合同义务理论实际上是一种理性平衡裁判术,在类型化的限制之下,既可维护合同自由,又可实现个案正义.     

中国农村基层民主选举中经济投票行为研究

"经济投票"理论为分析公民投票行为内在机理提供有效的观测窗口。伴随我国农村基层群众自治组织民主选举的蓬勃开展,针对投票人投票参与和投票选择等行为研究的重要性日益凸显。已有研究中由于存在样本选择、资料来源、研究方法取向等问题,无法从严谨的学术视角提供经济投票理论对中国农村基层民主选举行为的影响的实证分析。对经济投票理论展开全景性回顾和归纳性评述,基于全国性调查数据来实证分析农村基层选举中经济投票理论的现实影响,可以发现,年龄与投票行为之间存在倒U形关系,社会经济地位对投票行为的影响主要通过经济状况和主观社会地位来施加,政治涉入程度越深的村民更倾向于积极参与,认为"经济发展比民主重要"的人群更愿意投票,"经济评价"对投票行为只发挥了很有限的影响。所谓"经济投票"理论对中国农村基层投票行为的解释力有限,可能受理论局限性、经济投票测量问题、中国当前重经济发展的宏观环境以及村庄的异质性的影响。