International Tax Competition: A Case for International Cooperation in Globalization

The liberalization of international financial flows and foreign direct investment has induced countries to use diverse measures to attract inflow of foreign capital and foreign direct investment, which is expected to have a positive effect on the growth of GDP and thus a positive effect on social welfare. Tax exemption, reduction of tax rate, tax holiday, or diverse subsidies are some of the most important measures used. In this paper we study international tax cooperation, i.e., countries change and especially reduce tax rate for corporate income or for asset revenues to attract inflow of foreign direct investment. Both theoretical and empirical studies have shown the sensibility of foreign direct investment decision with respect to tax rate differences between home countries and host countries. In general, more inflow of foreign direct investment can be expected if the tax rate of the home country is lower than that of foreign countries. This is the main reason for international tax cooperation. In this paper we propose a simple model to prove the sub-optimal Nash non cooperative solution in a two-country tax-competition game. The model shows that international tax cooperation can improve welfare of the participating countries. How to reach a cooperative solution for an international tax competition game (ITCG) is therefore an important issue for further discussions and studies. International institutions can play a crucial role to reach international tax cooperation or international tax harmonization.     

Three pseudo-paradoxes in ‘quantum’ decision theory: Apparent effects of observation on probability and utility

In quantum domains, the measurement (or observation) of one of a pair of complementary variables introduces an unavoidable uncertainty in the value of that variable's complement. Such uncertainties are negligible in Newtonian worlds, where observations can be made without appreciably disturbing the observed system. Hence, one would not expect that an observation of a non-quantum probabilistic outcome could affect a probability distribution over subsequently possible states, in a way that would conflict with classical probability calculations. This paper examines three problems in which observations appear to affect the probabilities and expected utilities of subsequent outcomes, in ways which may appear paradoxical. Deeper analysis of these problems reveals that the anomalies arise, not from paradox, but rather from faulty inferences drawn from the observations themselves. Thus the notion of quantum decision theory is disparaged.     

试论国有企业经营者激励与约束机制的建立

建立科学有效的国有企业经营者激励与约束机制是国企改革的客观要求。当前国企经营者激励与约束机制在运行中存在诸多问题。必须尽快建立和完善现代企业制度 ;实行规范的年薪制 ;针对不同类型的国有企业分类指导 ;强化市场机制的基础性调节作用     

策略、规则及权力结构一所中学高三教师名单的公布

本文以改革后的苏北的一所县级重点中学为个案,以围绕高三教师名单公布的升级事件为切入点,从组织的微观视角出发,描述在升级事件中的教师在各种情境下如何利用手头的已有资源来展开行动的策略,并在游戏各方的行动中构建出一个特有的组织权力结构。     

碳限额与交易约束下的企业制造/再制造生产决策

目的/意义随着再制造经济效益和环境效益凸显,越来越多的企业进入再制造领域,与原制造商进行竞争或合作。考虑到碳排放约束,企业面临的生产决策更加复杂。设计/方法基于消费者对新产品和再制造产品的异质需求,构建了制造商和再制造商之间的竞争与合作博弈模型,探讨碳税对制造/再制造决策的影响;结合数值仿真,分析了竞争与合作模式下碳税对企业利润及碳排放的影响。结论/发现不同模式下,企业可根据再制造产品碳排放强度选择不同的生产策略;碳税总是会抑制新产品的生产,当再制造产品碳排放强度低于一定数值时,碳税会促进再制造产品的生产;再制造商竞争会挤兑新产品,使制造商利润减少,再制造门槛提高;当碳税不超过一定限度时,合作模式能够实现经济效益和环境效益双赢。     

The rank distribution of the maximin in a random matrix

Let S be a set of tm distinct real numbers and R a random t × m matrix of these tm numbers with rows {r_i} and columns (c_i}. Define b = Max Min x. l≤i≤t x?r_i. Let c be the event Max Min x = Min Max x. l≤i≤t x?r_i l≤i≤m x?c_i. This paper derives the probability distribution of the rank of b in S, as well as the same distribution conditional on c.     

Option pricing for generalized distributions

The Black Scholes formula has been widely used to price financial instruments. The derivation of this formula is based on the assumption of lognormally distributed returns which is often in poor agreement with actual data. An option pricing formula based on the generalized beta of the second kind (GB2) is presented. This formula includes the Black Scholes formula as a special case and accommodates a wide variety of nonlognormally distributed returns. The sensitivity of option values to departures from the skewness and kurtosis associated with the lognormal distribution is investigated.     

Measuring people's trust

Summary. We measure trust and trustworthiness in British society with a newly designed experiment using real monetary rewards and a sample of the British population. The study also asks the typical survey question that aims to measure trust, showing that it does not predict 'trust' as measured in the experiment. Overall, about 40% of people were willing to trust a stranger in our experiment, and their trust was rewarded half of the time. Analysis of variation in the trust behaviour in our survey suggests that trusting is more likely if people are older, their financial situation is either 'comfortable' or 'difficult' compared with 'doing alright' or 'just getting by', they are a homeowner or they are divorced, separated or never married compared with those who are married or cohabiting. Trustworthiness also is more likely among subjects who are divorced or separated relative to those who are married or cohabiting, and less likely among subjects who perceive their financial situation as 'just getting by' or 'difficult'. We also analyse the effect of attitudes towards risks on trust.     

游戏机手柄上盖注射模设计

文章分析了游戏机手柄上盖塑料件的工艺特点,介绍了游戏机手柄上盖注射模结构设计和工作过程。该模具采用浇口开设在顶杆上,在分型时实现自动拉断凝料,同时将曲面分型改为平面分型,降低模具加工的难度,节约成本和提高注塑、脱模的稳定性。生产实践证明,该套模具结构合理,运行可靠。     

第三方回购逆向供应链系统定价策略研究

基于单一制造商和单一回购商构成的逆向供应链系统,应用博弈理论对逆向供应链定价策略进行研究,分别得出了两个非合作博弈的均衡解(Stackelberg均衡和Nash均衡)和一个合作博弈的均衡解(联合定价),得出与非合作定价相比,联合定价策略使得制造商和回购商的收益同时提升.对各种定价策略的效率以及利润分配情况进行分析表明,随着回购品在回购市场上价格弹性的增加,制造商获得的系统利润分配额度逐渐减小,并且需要通过出让部分的领导者地位,才能与回购商达成协调.