Five-Hundred Life-Saving Interventions and Their Cost-Effectiveness

We gathered information on the cost-effectiveness of life-saving interventions in the United States from publicly available economic analyses. "Life-saving interventions" were defined as any behavioral and/or technological strategy that reduces the probability of premature death among a specified target population. We defined cost-effectiveness as the net resource costs of an intervention per year of life saved. To improve the comparability of cost-effectiveness ratios arrived at with diverse methods, we established fixed definitional goals and revised published estimates, when necessary and feasible, to meet these goals. The 587 interventions identified ranged from those that save more resources than they cost, to those costing more than 10 billion dollars per year of life saved. Overall, the median intervention costs $42,000 per life-year saved. The median medical intervention costs $19,000/life-year; injury reduction $48,000/life-year; and toxin control $2,800,000/life-year. Cost/life-year ratios and bibliographic references for more than 500 life-saving interventions are provided.     

何去何从:国际贸易新秩序的契机——评关贸总协定与乌拉圭回合

本文结合冷战结束以后的国际局势,论述了乌拉圭回合谈判与国际贸易新秩序的关系,分析了这次会谈中几个最为重要的问题,并对关贸总协定的未来作出了展望。     

A fractional order statistic towards defining a smooth quantile function for discrete data

This work is motivated in part by a recent publication by Ma et al. (2011) who resolved the asymptotic non-normality problem of the classical sample quantiles for discrete data through defining a new mid-distribution based quantile function. This work is the motivation for defining a new and improved smooth population quantile function given discrete data. Our definition is based on the theory of fractional order statistics. The main advantage of our definition as compared to its competitors is the capability to distinguish the uth quantile across different discrete distributions over the whole interval, u∈(0,1). In addition, we define the corresponding estimator of the smooth population quantiles and demonstrate the convergence and asymptotic normal distribution of the corresponding sample quantiles. We verify our theoretical results through a Monte Carlo simulation, and illustrate the utilization of our quantile function in a Q-Q plot for discrete data.     

Limit theorems for intermediate and central order statistics under nonlinear normalization

In this paper the work of Pancheva (1984) for extreme order statistics under nonlinear normalization is extended to order statistics with variable ranks. Two new results are proved. The first is that under nonlinear normalization, the nondegenerate type (family of types) of the distribution functions with two finite growth points is a possible weak limit of any central order statistic with regular rank sequence. The second result is that the possible nondegenerate weak limits of any central order statistic with regular rank under the traditionally linear normalization and under the power normalization are the same. Finally, the class of all possible weak limits for lower and upper intermediate order statistics is derived under power normalization from the corresponding weak limits of extremes under power normalization.     

指人名词的修饰性量级

文章在陆俭明(1984)一文的基础上,通过抽象、概括,得出了六组指人名词的修饰性量级表和两条规则,简便地推出了指人名词两两组合的20种有效式、“名n”的有效式计算公式,最后依据句法功能的异同把四类六组指人名词重新进行了概括分类。     

限制契约自由视角下强制性规范与公序良俗条款的适用研究

《民法典》第153条规定了强制性规范与公序良俗条款的适用规则,此为结合限制契约自由的事前模式与事后模式适用之典型,应作体系化解读。协调两种模式在合同效力判定中的适用,合理划定以强制性规范为核心的事前模式适用范围,明晰强制性规范的适用边界。对于未被立法者明示性质的规范,应以任意性规范推定原则的适用为基础,在尊重当事人的意思自治前提下,由法院根据公序良俗原则发挥事后模式的补足作用,以期对合同效力作出清晰认定。     

Understanding sibling differences in child labor

This study considers sibling differences in child labor in Nepal. The data are consistent with a model where parents care equally for all children but siblings differ in comparative advantage in household production, although parental preferences and credit constraints could also be important. Girls, especially older girls, tend to work more than their brothers. This extra work increases with the number of younger siblings and the spacing between siblings. The extra work performed by girls is such that, at modal birth spacing, the younger girl actually spends significantly more time working than her older brother.

转型期政府在促进教育公正中的职能定位

教育资源的相对稀缺性决定了社会生活冲突的发生,也使得教育公正为人们所渴求,合理的制度安排和公正的公共政策对促进教育公正起着基础性作用,政府作为政策的制定者和执行者是促进教育公正的责任第一人,政府促进教育公正应从思想观念、制度政策和教育投入等三个方面做起。     

Customization: Impact on Product and Process Performance

Manufacturing capability has often been viewed to be a major obstacle in achieving higher levels of customization. Companies follow various strategies ranging from equipment selection to order process management to cope with the challenges of increased customization. We examined how the customization process affects product performance and conformance in the context of a design‐to‐order (DTO) manufacturer of industrial components. Our competing risk hazard function model incorporates two thresholds, which we define as mismatch and manufacturing thresholds. Product performance was adversely affected when the degree of customization exceeded the mismatch threshold. Likewise, product conformance eroded when the degree of customization exceeded the manufacturing threshold. Relative sizes of the two thresholds have management implications for the subsequent investments to improve customization capabilities. Our research developed a rigorous framework to address two key questions relevant to the implementation of product customization: (1) what degrees of customization to offer, and (2) how to customize the product design process.