The Role of an Electronic Resources Librarian in Procuring Accessible Online Resources

Abstract

Per the 2019 NASIG Core Competencies for electronic resources librarians (ERL), ERLs “work with concepts and methods that are very much in flux … [they are] knowledgeable about the legal framework within which libraries and information agencies operate… [including] laws relating to… equal rights (e.g., the Americans with Disabilities Act)”. However, the Core Competencies do not define the level to which an ERL is responsible for determining the accessibility of an electronic resource. This article aims to create a better understanding of the steps an ERL can take to develop an accessibility statement pertaining to procuring accessible content. This article synthesizes key laws and policies that ERLs should be aware of in order to draft an accessibility procurement statement for their institution. It will also discuss licensing strategies, documentation collection, and conducting potential audits of electronic purchases.     

Restaurant tipping in a field experiment: How do customers tip when they receive too much change?

Tipping behavior is analyzed in a field experiment where restaurant customers received excessive change, either 10 or 40 Shekels (about $3 versus $12). One third of the tables reported the extra change to the server and returned it. Tips were higher with the higher level of extra change. Returning the extra change was negatively correlated with tips. The interaction between the level of extra change and whether it was returned had no effect. Possible explanations that tips are higher when the excessive change is not returned due to a positive income effect or perceiving paying a tip out of excessive change as less costly because it is a forgone gain and not a loss, are not supported by the data. Subjects may have exhibited moral licensing and moral cleansing effects. These effects, however, were possibly mitigated by a self-selection effect going in the opposite direction: those who are more generous or altruistic by their nature are more likely to return the extra change and also more likely to tip generously. Receiving the larger amount of extra change may result in feelings of good mood, perceived luckiness, or individuation and unconscious fear of being observed, which increase tips. Interestingly, these feelings seem to remain even if the extra change was returned.     

私权逻辑的否定：专利法史的公共政策线索

知识产权法学界通常将专利权视为私权之一种,认为其具有类似物权的内在结构和外在表现形式。然而,专利法在世界范围的历史所呈现的事实并非如此。在历史逻辑的层面上,专利法原本的面貌和目标不是所谓的为了保护私权,而是一种社会控制及治理的公共政策。这一新的认知将对深入理解专利的公共性产生基础而重大的影响。     

中国企业专利现状分析及对策

随着中国企业知识产权意识的增强,企业专利的申请数量和授权数量都大幅增加。为进一步提高企业的创新能力,采用实证分析和理论研究相结合的方法,对中国企业专利现状进行分析,并提出加强创新文化培育、完善知识产权机构、加大资金投入、建立科技人才激励机制、实施专利战略等建议。     

论专利权穷竭

专利权穷竭制度是为平衡个人利益与社会利益而产生的,核心价值在于利益的归属。以现行《专利法》为背景,从中国加入WTO后专利产品的平行进口引发的贸易问题出发,运用比较的方法,结合国内外理论和实践的发展,分析中国专利权穷竭制度的现状,找出专利权穷竭制度中立法和实践存在的缺陷,并提出完善中国专利权穷竭制度与操作机制的建议。     

基因专利的利益分享机制探析——以人体基因资源为视角

人体基因资源在生物医药研究中起着至关重要的作用。随着生物技术的兴起,有关人体基因的专利带来了极大的收益。但是在人体基因专利的利益分享上却存在极大的矛盾,基因专利权人通过专利获得极大的经济收益,而人体基因资源的提供者却被排除在这一利益之外。在具体的基因利益分享中,应当在国家从整体上对基因资源享有主权的基础上,明确基因资源提供者的事先知情同意权、所有权和免费或低价使用权等权利。     

结合中国专利申请浅析凹凸棒土综合利用技术的发展状况

凹凸棒土是一种具有独特结构和性质的工业矿物,我国具有广泛且丰富的凹凸棒土资源储量,其在建材、涂料、塑料、橡胶、食品、药品、催化、废水处理等领域有着广泛的应用。本文依据1990-2013年期间凹凸棒土综合利用技术相关的中国专利申请文献,通过深入分析和研究,对该领域技术的发展状况进行了分析,同时给出了凹凸棒土综合利用的发展方向。     

专利资助政策与专利制度运行:中国实践与反思

专利资助政策是近年来中国专利申请量高歌猛进的重要推力,在我国专利申请繁荣的背后,专利维持时间较短、转化率低也是不争的事实,越来越多的学者认为这与专利资助政策存在着或多或少的关系。专利制度以市场为运行基础,专利制度下的发明活动实属市场行为,专利申请费等作为发明人获得专利权保护的代价之一,发挥经济杠杆作用,促使发明人理性对待专利,防止专利申请目的异化。然而,当前实施的专利资助政策从总体上看削弱了专利制度运行的市场基础,政府应当改变过度干预的行政理念。应调整以专利资助为代表的公共政策,将发明市场的正常活动,创新资源的配置,交由市场决定,政府的工作重心在于创造有利于创新的社会环境、强化专利审查力度、惩戒非正常申请、构建创新市场不可或缺的各种要素、运行条件以及市场环境。     

我国专利事业有序推进的思考

当前我国的专利工作尚有较多不科学、不合理之处。政府过度强化申报和授权,忽视后期运用与管理。中小型企业主体地位不突出,专利管理与运用制度欠缺。专利工作制度创新不足,推进速度较慢。专利社会中介机构建设滞后,人才队伍还有较大缺口。专利工作重要性认识不足,专利工作社会氛围有待加强。要注意强化整体统筹,注重专利后期应用与管理。注重分层次辅导企业,突出企业专利标准化制度建设。通过创新专利社会制度建设,促进专利工作深层次开展。积极有序地规范专利中介机构建设,充分发挥其桥梁作用。还要宣传普及专利知识,强化专利工作的社会氛围。     

美国清洁能源的专利制度改革及其对中国的启示

清洁能源是人类为减缓气候变化,解决能源危机、环境污染等世界性问题所选择的能源创新。而专利制度的变革是对清洁能源创新的适应性调整。美国通过《美国发明法》等一系列专利制度改革,加快创造清洁能源的本土专利资源,迅速扩张清洁能源的国际竞争优势。中国清洁能源的专利囿于国内创新,缺少国际创新;重视专利作为商业创新的手段,忽视专利促进技术创新的目标功能。因此,借鉴美国专利制度应对清洁能源创新的变革举措,对于中国的理论研究与实践探索具有借鉴与参考价值。