“专利蟑螂”之美国规制

基于专利权的排他性,专利制度的缺陷,专利侵权的后果而产生的“专利蟑螂”（patent troll）在美国引发了巨大的争议。“专利蟑螂”威胁到大量企业的生存,阻碍了创新,破坏市场竞争秩序,损害消费者利益。为了应对中国将来可能大规模出现的“专利蟑螂”的境况,也为在美国遭遇“专利蟑螂”的中国企业提供指导,文章借助美国专利制度改革、司法改革和竞争法等方面来探讨“专利蟑螂”之规制。     

故意侵犯专利权惩罚性赔偿问题研究——美国的经验与启示

故意侵犯专利权的认定及其赔偿数额的具体增加是故意侵犯专利权惩罚性赔偿的关键问题。美国对故意侵犯专利权的认定标准经历了从“适当注意的积极义务”标准到“客观上不顾后果”标准的演进,并在司法实践中确立了认定故意侵犯专利权成立及赔偿数额增加的具体要素。我国应在借鉴美国相关理论成果和经验的基础上结合中国的实际情况对故意侵犯专利权惩罚性赔偿问题进行规定。     

论惩罚性赔偿在专利侵权领域的适用——兼评《中华人民共和国专利法修改草案（征求意见稿）》第65条

2012年8月9日,国家知识产权局公布了《中华人民共和国专利法修改草案(征求意见稿)》,作为其亮点之一,惩罚性赔偿的规定备受社会各界广泛关注,赞赏者有之,反对者亦有之。经过实证考察发现,目前中国法院专利侵权损害赔偿多采用补偿性赔偿,难以适应复杂多变的侵权样态及整个社会对公平正义的要求。现代侵权责任法的发展为惩罚性赔偿的适用提供了法理学基础,惩罚性赔偿的引入可以弥补补偿性赔偿之不足,充分保护权利人的合法权益,有效遏制侵权行为,激励守法行为。结合中国现实国情,现阶段专利侵权领域可以审慎地引入惩罚性赔偿,但应严格限定适用条件、细化赔偿标准、限制赔偿数额,以发挥其最佳效果。     

The Social and Policy Predictors of Driving Mobility Among Older Adults

This research was designed to identify the impact of state driver's license renewal requirements on the driving mobility (i.e., the reduction or cessation of driving) of older (70 years or older) drivers in the United States. Nationally representative data from four waves (1993–2000) of the Asset and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old study were linked to state policies on relicensing and used in a longitudinal logistic regression analysis. The author assessed the driving behaviors of a sample of 9,638 men and women. The findings demonstrate that the driving mobility of older people is influenced by state relicensing policies. The analysis indicates that five policies—accelerated renewal, mental testing, peripheral vision testing, renewal in person at age 70+ (as opposed to renewal by mail or online), and restricted licensing—have a significant effect on an older driver's decision to reduce or cease driving. The driving patterns of older adults are influenced not only by their health and socioeconomic backgrounds, but also by state relicensing policies. In terms of public policy, this result shows that there is a mechanism for extending the years of independent mobility for older people: restricted licensing.     

Least Restrictive or Least Understood? Waist Restraints,Provider Practices,and Risk of Harm

Since implementation of The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, restraint use in American nursing homes has reduced dramatically. The reduction in vest restraints has resulted in an increase in “least restrictive” devices such as waist restraints. Although this analysis of U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting Data Files found that waist devices pose the same potential risk for asphyxial death as vest restraints, few health professionals and consumers are aware of this outcome. Post-marketing device reporting needs better data quality and surveillance, which can certainly benefit the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services in their efforts to regulate and enforce standards of care that reduce deaths and injuries to vulnerable nursing home residents.     

高速钢专利申请状况分析

以WPI数据库和CNPAT数据库中国的检索结果为样本,从专利申请量、专利申请国家、专利申请主要内容等方面,对高速钢生产技术领域的发明专利情况进行了全面分析,总结了高速钢生产技术的现状和发展趋势,为我国高速钢技术领域的申请人提供参考信息和建议。     

专利分析在技术研发中的应用

专利分析是了解现有技术发展水平的重要途径。专利分析可以帮助技术研究人员避免重复研究,为项目研发提供方向、技术支持和避免侵权等辅助信息,从而提高技术产品的研发水平。     

论行政许可设定制度

为了从根本上规范行政许可、实现行政许可法律制度的统一,行政许可法规定了行政许可设定制度,包括行政许可设定主体、设定权限、设定文件的形式、可以设定行政许可的范围、设定应遵循的原则等。行政许可设定制度,实质上就是有关行政许可的立法制度。现行的行政许可设定制度基本遵循了法治原则、人权原则和公权力配置的比例原则,但仍存在一些不足有待完善。     

知识产权与反垄断法关系探析

知识产权是一种含行政力因子的财产权,具有特殊的排他性,其行使极易与反垄断法所追求的目标相背离。反垄断法是反对非法垄断与保护合法垄断的统一。除了知识产权制度本身要对其所确认的独占权进行自我限制之外,反垄断法这种外在的制度也要对知识产权的滥用加以规制。因此,两者之间必然存在着复杂的关系。     

专利池中的权利滥用问题——美国专利权滥用规则的发展

专利池许可是一种较新而且较复杂的专利许可形态,专利池既有节省交易成本促进竞争的作用,又有容易造成专利权扩张形成专利权滥用的倾向.美国司法对专利权滥用的规制走过了一段从松到紧再到相对较松的历史历程,2005年的飞利浦诉美国国际贸易委员会案再次体现了对本身违法原则的摒弃.这对我国反垄断立法有一定的启示.