扶贫政策与农村贫困

农村贫困是当代中国农村的一个严峻的现实问题。为了减缓农村贫困,中国政府颁布了一系列的扶贫文件,实施了一系列的扶贫政策。本文考察了扶贫政策出台的背景,回顾了扶贫政策的历史,指出了扶贫政策中存在的问题。文章试图表明的是,要想真正减缓农村贫困,政府必须加大扶贫力度,改变现存扶贫政策中存在的诸多问题。      

安徽省大别山区旅游扶贫效率时空格局演化及影响机理

采用DEA模型对安徽省大别山区旅游扶贫效率的综合测度影响因素分析可知:安徽省大别山区旅游扶贫效率处于中等偏低水平,呈现波动上升的趋势,主要受规模效率驱动;旅游扶贫规模效率和旅游扶贫综合效率的空间分异特征较为类似,均呈现出区域中间高南北低的分布,旅游扶贫纯技术效率高值区呈现出由区域北部和南部片状集中分布逐渐向四周不断分散分布的演化态势;投入规模、人力支持水平、可达性水平、信息化水平对大别山区旅游扶贫效率产生正向影响,且影响强弱呈现为信息化水平>人力支持>可达性水平>投入规模。     

政策协同视角下脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴的有效衔接

脱贫攻坚已取得全面胜利,“三农”工作重心转向全面推进乡村振兴,巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接成为当前阶段的重要任务。两者的跨界复杂性和多元综合性决定了其衔接过程需要多方面协同发力。从政策协同视角来看,脱贫攻坚同乡村振兴的衔接与协同理论相契合,其政策供给目标、政策供给方式和政策供给内容等方面在多个维度和层级都具政策协同性。因此,以政策协同为分析框架,从政策协同的内容入手,做好产业发展、社会保障和基础设施建设工作;从政策协同的方式入手,统筹推进纵向协同与横向协同;从政策协同的机制入手,构建好结构性机制和程序性机制,以此探索脱贫攻坚同乡村振兴的有效衔接路径。     

西部地区脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴战略的融合之路——基于10省85村1 143户的微观调查数据

脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴是不同历史阶段下的战略任务。二者在历史渊源、出场逻辑、科学内涵、推进思路上存在差异,但都是为建设社会主义现代化强国所作的制度安排,在战略愿景、服务诉求、参与主体、实践路径上具有同一性,共同服务于中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦和“两个一百年”的目标实现。一方面脱贫攻坚为乡村振兴提供政策基础、物质基础、舆论基础和模式借鉴,另一方面乡村振兴为巩固脱贫攻坚成果、防范返贫风险和解决2020年后的贫困问题提供长效保障。当前中国正处于脱贫攻坚收官之战与乡村振兴稳步实施的政策交汇期,探索脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴融合推进之路具有战略紧迫性和历史必然性。研究表明,西部地区脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴已实现初步互动,但实现两大战略的良性互动仍需进一步优化联动机制、筑牢产业发展根基、提高乡村治理与生态文明水平、引领文化风尚、推动共同富裕,使西部地区在新时代新一轮的大开发中展现更大作为。     

全球化何时帮助穷人？

全球化与贫穷之间有何联系?发展中经济体长期以来一直将国际贸易和金融作为发展的解决方案,但全球35%的人口仍生活在国际贫困线以下。经济学家和政治学家探究了这种联系,但仍未得出结论。我们回顾了相关文献,认为要理解全球化与贫穷之间的联系,我们必须根本理解针对最贫困人口政策背后的政治动机。具体来说,我们主张学者需要明确发展中国家政府的意识形态立场,这一认同超越了发达国家主流的传统左右翼分歧的观点。我们为学者在全球范围内如何开始推动意识形态起作用以及为什么必须评估全球化与贫穷的联系提供了理论指导。此外,我们还对我们的论点提供了初步的定量和定性检验。最后,两个学科的学者为了评估贸易与贫穷之间的联系,必须开始评估政府对扶贫再分配的承诺(而不是受制于既得精英利益集团的政策)。     

数字普惠金融与农户相对贫困脆弱性*

测度不同贫困线标准下数字普惠金融对农户相对贫困脆弱性的作用效果及其最优指数区间,揭示数字普惠金融对不同农户相对贫困脆弱性影响的结构性差异和作用机制。研究发现:数字普惠金融对农户相对贫困脆弱性的影响既存在"数字红利"效应也存在"数字鸿沟"效应,二者呈现出倒"U"型关系,降低农户相对贫困脆弱性的最优数字普惠金融指数区间位于108~160之间。分结构看,较低贫困线标准下数字金融覆盖广度对农户相对贫困脆弱性的减缓程度更加明显,但较高贫困线标准下数字金融使用深度对农户相对贫困脆弱性的减缓程度更大,且呈小幅递增趋势。在作用机制层面,数字普惠金融主要通过提高农户数字技能和风险管理能力,降低居民收入差距来发挥中介作用,减缓农户相对贫困脆弱性。     

文化软实力绘就武陵山区美丽乡村新图景 ——以石柱县金铃乡银杏村为实践标杆

位于武陵山区石柱土家族自治县的金铃乡银杏村,是集少数民族、革命地区、集中连片的特困地区。一方面该村以自然山水风光为资源禀赋,以培育民族文化精神高地为乡村振兴“铸魂”、“赋能”;以“非遗文化+扶贫”的路子,激活了乡村的内生动力;文化扶贫直抵人心取得了“点石成金”的效果,让土家人充分享受到文化释放的红利。另一方面,该村作为“民族团结进步示范村”,以做深做实民族团结工作为抓手,充分让民族政策惠及土家万户,生动地实现了民族团结之花在土家大地上常开常盛。一个个串联成珠的实践案例,为武陵山打赢脱贫攻坚战更好地接续乡村振兴发挥了活标杆的示范引领作用,向世人展示一幅色彩斑斓的美丽乡村新图景。     

河北省省级贫困县农村居民移居城市意愿研究——基于邯郸市广平县的调查分析

当今中国,经济发展飞速,农民工源源不断涌入城市,长期以来形成城乡二元结构,农民移居城市意愿在京津冀一体化和推进城镇化背景下呈何状态、有何变化？笔者通过实地调研,分析问卷数据,分析移居城市意愿的影响因素及变化,并提出可行性建议。     

产业发展视角的城市贫困剖解：以西安纺织城为例

现阶段学术界对贫困问题的研究,主要围绕农村贫困展开,较少关注城市人口。以西安纺织城为切入点,结合地区经济特点,对该地区城市贫困问题的现状、成因及对策进行分析。结果显示,该地区城市贫困主要是因为地区产业发展的负累。因此,宏观层面城市反贫困的构架应该以产业振兴为载体,以地区振兴和地区融合为基点展开;从微观层面看,应注意将产业调整和企业产权改革相结合,将人力资本计划的制订和社会关系网的构建结合起来。     

新农合对四川藏区的减贫效应分析

The New Rural Cooperative Medi-cal System ( hereafter NRCMS) in Tibetan areas of Sichuan was started in Wenchuan in 2005 , and by 2008 covered all of the province’s Tibetan areas. This paper studies the effects of the NRCMS on im-proving the health of and alleviating poverty for farmers and herdsmen in Tibetan area of Sichuan. Most parts of the Tibetan areas of Sichuan are located in high altitude districts. Thirty two coun-ties of these areas are classified as “National Pov-erty Counties”. Poverty and disease go hand in hand in these regions. Kashin-Beck disease and hydatid disease are the major endemics in the pas-toral and agro-pastoral areas of Sichuan. Endemic, infectious and chronic diseases are widespread in Sichuan’s Tibetan areas. More than 70% of pa-tients are workers from 20 to 60 years old. Disea-ses are more prevalent in women than in men. Kashin-Beck disease and hydatid disease are cur-rently incurable. Patients suffer from health prob-lems, which leads to a decrease in their income and the heavy burden of medical expenses. The new rural cooperative medical system alleviates the negative effects of farmers’ falling into, or back in-to poverty due to disease. However, the existing medical compensation mechanism is not sufficient to solve the problem. The greatest impact of NRCMS on the farmers and herdsmen in Sichuan’s Tibetan areas is that the system has gradually changed local people’s medi-cal behavior, as well as their underlying ideas a-bout medicine: they begin to believe in hospitals. In particular, more pregnant women are choosing to give birth in hospitals, which reduces the rate of infant mortality and postpartum diseases, and im-proves the health of women. Since the full coverage of the NRCMS in 2008 , the number of people participating in the system has reached the overall average level of Si-chuan province. By analyzing the data before and after the implementation of this system, and meas-uring the impact of the system on people’s health, it can be found that the NRCMS’s role in serving the vulnerable population, such as the elderly and infant children, is more marked. Since the implementation of the NRCMS, all administrative villages in Sichuan Tibetan areas have established village clinics, which solved the problem of a shortage of medicines and doctors in those areas. Farmers and herdsmen have conven-ient access to medical treatment, enhancing the ac-cessibility of medical service. After the implemen-tation of the NRCMS, the health of the elderly population in rural areas has improved. Infant mor-tality rates have dramatically fallen. The implementation of the NRCMS improved the medical service capacity of township hospitals and village clinics. And the NRCMS has brought the township hospitals and village clinics into its scope of compensation, which greatly promotes the utilization of primary medical services in Tibetan areas. The poverty reduction effect of the NRCMS can be analyzed from two aspects:Firstly, the im-
provement in health leads to increased income, be-cause good health can promote labor productivity. Meanwhile, the increase in income will in turn im-prove the overall level of health. Secondly, the in-patient and outpatient compensation rate is raised year by year, which reduces the medical fees of farmers, and prevents them from falling back into poverty.