Honorary Authorship Practices in Environmental Science Teams: Structural and Cultural Factors and Solutions

Overinclusive authorship practices such as honorary or guest authorship have been widely reported, and they appear to be exacerbated by the rise of large interdisciplinary collaborations that make authorship decisions particularly complex. Although many studies have reported on the frequency of honorary authorship and potential solutions to it, few have probed how the underlying dynamics of large interdisciplinary teams contribute to the problem. This article reports on a qualitative study of the authorship standards and practices of six National Science Foundation-funded interdisciplinary environmental science teams. Using interviews of the lead principal investigator and an early-career member on each team, our study explores the nature of honorary authorship practices as well as some of the motivating factors that may contribute to these practices. These factors include both structural elements (policies and procedures) and cultural elements (values and norms) that cross organizational boundaries. Therefore, we provide recommendations that address the intersection of these factors and that can be applied at multiple organizational levels.     

On the Nature and Role of Peer Review in Mathematics

For the past three decades, peer review practices have received much attention in the literature. But although this literature covers many research fields, only one previous systematic study has been devoted to the practice of peer review in mathematics, namely a study by Geist, Löwe, and Van Kerkhove from 2010. This lack of attention may be due to a view that peer review in mathematics is more reliable, and therefore less interesting as an object of study, than peer review in other fields. In fact, Geist, Löwe, and Van Kerkhove argue that peer review in mathematics is relatively reliable. At the same time, peer review in mathematics differs from peer review in most, if not all, other fields in that papers submitted to mathematical journals are usually only reviewed by a single referee. Furthermore, recent empirical studies indicate that the referees do not check the papers line by line. I argue that, in spite of this, mathematical practice in general and refereeing practices in particular are such that the common practice of mathematical journals of using just one referee is justified from the point of view of proof validity assessment. The argument is based on interviews I conducted with seven mathematicians.     

Differences in Well‐being among People with Disabilities in Paid Employment: Level of Restriction,Gender and Labour Market Context

This study investigates the variability in well‐being of people with disabilities in paid employment in two different labour market contexts: the beginning (1998) and end (2009) of a period of growth in non‐standard hours and work intensification. It focuses on the well‐being constraints that arise from three influences: a person's disability, a person's gender, and the labour market context. Hypotheses are developed using the social model of disability and social identity theory. Hierarchical moderator regression is employed to examine two national samples of nearly 4,000 people with disabilities in paid employment. Individuals who are most limited by their disabilities, particularly women, reported lower well‐being in 2009 than in 1998. Welfare‐to‐work policies affecting these disadvantaged groups are discussed in relation to the labour market and national regulatory environments.     

Emphasizing the experiences of researchers after RCR instructions: Introduction to Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) in Malaysia

The purpose of this study is to highlight the experiences of individuals who participate in the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) training program held at various universities in Malaysia. In response to a mailing request sent to 40 individuals who had undertaken a RCR training program, 15 participants agreed to be interviewed. The results of the study showed that the three main reasons for participating in the training were as follows: anticipation for knowledge gained; personal experience with research misconduct; and establishing a new network of researchers. In terms of the positive effects gained from undertaking the training, the participants highlighted an increased awareness of the issues and problems related to research misconduct; the need to promote integrity in research conduct; a change in the way they conduct their research; and a change in the way they confront and address misconduct. The findings of this study should be valuable for policy makers and those involved in the management of research programs and ethics, as it demonstrated the importance of RCR training in equipping researchers with the necessary knowledge to conduct research responsibly, and to avoid research misconduct.     

大力发展“绿色包装” 促进我国出口贸易

当前资源和环境已成为人类面临的主要问题。包装在人类生产、流通、消费活动中扮演着重要角色,已成为人们生活和世界贸易往来不可缺少的一个重要部分。随着国际贸易规模不断扩大,国际上对商品包装的要求越来越严格,发达国家越来越强调绿色包装及绿色包装制度。中国目前实施严格的绿色包装还面临着许多困难,需要政府、企业、消费者共同参与、尽快建立起中国绿色包装体系,以应对绿色贸易壁垒的挑战。     

磕头的平等:生活层面的祖师爷信仰 ———兼论作为主观感受的民俗学

目前,关于传统社会祖师爷信仰各种形式的记述不少,但大多都失之于简略。半个世纪前,刘佳崇璋的成果给我们提供了祖师爷调查及描述应该有的意识、方法与策略。新中国成立以前,众多说唱行当的祖师爷周庄王的信仰说明：除了群体性的敬拜之外,以磕头为基本动作的身体实践的祖师爷信仰还弥散于拜师、婚姻、表演、盘道、师徒关系等一个群体的日常生活体系之中。换言之,祖师爷信仰不仅是外显的仪式,它还是内化的,是整体社会、特殊群体及其个体的思维符号,是群体之间交流时用来表述自我及世界的方式;祖师爷不但是一个群体的“心态”或者说“心性”,它还隐喻了平等的观念、渴求以及相关的行为。由此观之,作为“主观感受的民俗学”也就成为可能。     

从禅宗观点看未来基督教的走向

除了民族文化的差异外,基督教与禅宗两者之间的主要差异并非是在万物起源的解释上,而是主要体现在拯救心灵的途径上。与禅法思想相比较,归纳起来,基督教教义中有关拯救途径主要基于原罪论（生来有罪）、信靠论（上帝主权）、预定论（事先拣选）这三条原教旨之上,远没有完全自信自立自成的禅法途径彻底。因此,只有破除外在的权威“上帝”,才可以使基督教进一步向着更高宗教形态阶段发展,而目前非实在论基督教正是在这一意义上代表着基督教的发展走向。当然,基督教要达到禅宗倡导的思想高度,未来还有很多的路要走。我们衷心希望,像那种贴近日常生活的非实在论基督教,能够更多地融入禅宗的思想,发展得更加完善。     

跨学科研究生创新能力培养体系的构建与实践——以中国少数民族史专业研究生培养模式为例

跨学科、跨专业招收研究生数量不断增长的趋势,为研究生培养单位和指导教师提出了新的课题。如何提高跨学科、跨专业研究生的培养质量和研究生的创新能力,是培养单位和指导教师特别关注的一个重要问题。在对跨学科录取研究生状况、跨学科报考研究生的动机、学习动力、学习方法及招收、培养跨学科研究生利弊全面考查和客观分析基础上,通过对研究成果、实施方案及实践成效的梳理,探索跨学科研究生培养质量和研究生创新能力培养体系的构建问题,为切实提高研究生培养质量提供理论依据和实践经验。跨学科、跨专业录取的研究生具有三大方面的优势;从国内外教育、科技和经济社会发展趋势来看,招收和培养跨学科研究生具有四个方面的特殊意义;构建跨学科研究生创新能力培养体系,应从理清思路、明确目标、创新培养模式、搭建平台以及健全长效保障机制和内在激励机制等方面着力;应坚持跨学科人才培养与跨学科科学研究相结合、跨学科人才培养与培育新兴学科、交叉学科相结合、校内跨学科导师指导与校外跨学科导师指导相结合以及跨学科研究生教育的理论创新与实践创新相结合的原则;创新培养方案和课程体系,建立跨学科、跨专业研究生的培养模式,要努力实现"六个转变";要建立专职和兼职相结合的具有跨学科知识背景和学术经历的师资队伍;以科研任务锻炼研究生的创新思维和科研方法,将研究生尽快带入科研第一线;继续优化、深化和完善"跨学科研究生论坛",使研究生在辩论中产生问题意识。跨学科研究生创新能力的培养体系,已在实践中取得了比较显著的成效:一是提高了研究生的创新能力和培养质量;二是学科建设得到了长足进步;三是指导教师在跨学科、跨专业研究生培养过程中进一步提高了自己的科研水平。     

医教结合“双师型”教师培训模式之初探

在我国加强特殊教育师资队伍建设及推进"医教结合"教育改革试点项目的背景下,医教结合"双师型"教师的培养需求日趋急迫。鉴于我国专业化特殊教育师资力量缺乏的现状,将现有教师培养成医教结合"双师型"教师,既可以有效满足特殊儿童康复教育的需求,又可以响应国家加强特教师资队伍建设的号召。通过对"医教结合"项目学校教师培训的实践总结,明确医教结合"双师型"教师的概念,着重从培训目标、培训内容、培训形式、评价体系、后勤保障等方面对医教结合"双师型"教师的培训模式进行探讨,为特殊教育师资培训提供可借鉴的模式,促进"医教结合"教育改革,造福广大残疾儿童。     

The consequences of love: young people and family practices in difficult circumstances

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of sociological work exploring the importance and meaning of kinship. Much of this work has criticized the ‘individualization’ thesis according to which changes in family structures over time have been interpreted as reflecting a fundamental decline in family values. Highlighting continuities as well as change in family life, this work has also suggested ways to move beyond the individualization debate and to develop alternative frameworks for the study of contemporary families and personal life, notably through the analysis of related practices. For various reasons, this recent work has focused primarily on the experience and practices of adults in ‘ordinary’ rather than more difficult family circumstances. This article aims to complement this work by focusing on the difficult family experiences of young people affected by parental substance use. It is argued that it is important not to lose sight of such experiences in order that sociological thinking reflect the diversity of family practices and the resources available to support them, including at younger ages. In addition, the importance of developing concepts or a language facilitating the exploration and communication of the emotional and symbolic significance of these practices is emphasized.