The Built Environment,Health, and Longevity

Abstract

This paper reviews and integrates interdisciplinary literature that investigates the influence of the built environment on the subjective and objective health status of older persons that may improve their quality and quantity of remaining years of life. The development, expansion and synthesis of person-environment and ecological models provides the theoretical foundation. Central to this discussion is the identification and elaboration of salutogenic and pathogenic pathways (Antonovsky, 1979) through which the built environment may influence health, functioning and longevity. Research and knowledge drawn from literature on relocation, housing characteristics and well-being, the meaning of home, delay of institutionalization, technological devices, falls and other injuries, and healthy communities is used to demonstrate environmental pathways to health and longevity.     

隐性时量表现形式初探——兼评《现代汉语时量范畴研究》

《现代汉语时量范畴研究》对现代汉语中时量范畴问题进行了全方位、多角度的分析,考察了时量范畴在不同句法单位层级上的形式表现,总结了其在不同语义分类上的语义表现,对我们探究隐性时量的表现形式具有指导作用。     

论近代粤丝出口的市场规律和特征

由于亚热带季风气候的影响 ,以蚕丝生产为基础的粤丝出口在量与质等方面都呈现出明显的季节变化 :一般 4、5月份第一造新丝上市 ,但质、量欠佳 ,对出口贸易影响不大 ;6月份第四造生丝质、量最优 ,形成出口交易高潮 ;前后多造蚕丝相继上市 ,使交易旺期持续到 10月份。同时在近代社会背景下 ,粤丝价格深受国际市场的支配和影响 ,并被欧美列强恣意操纵 ;其变化在宏观上形成由涨到落的趋势 ,微观上则呈现出波动频繁等特点     

人类抽象劳动:知识经济时代商品价值的唯一源泉

科技的发展 ,知识经济时代的到来 ,生产力、劳动效率空前提高 ,劳动者素质要求显著改变 ,对商品价值形成和单位时间商品价值量产生了巨大影响 ,但并有改变价值实体——人类抽象劳动的疑结。     

Integrated Procurement Planning in Multi‐division Firms

For large multi‐division firms, coordinating procurement policies across multiple divisions to leverage volume discounts from suppliers based on firm‐wide purchasing power can yield millions of dollars of savings in procurement costs. Coordinated procurement entails deciding which suppliers to use to meet each division's purchasing needs and sourcing preferences so as to minimize overall purchasing, logistics, and operational costs. Motivated by this tactical procurement planning problem facing a large industrial products manufacturer, we propose an integrated optimization model that simultaneously considers both firm‐wide volume discounts and divisional ordering and inventory costs. To effectively solve this large‐scale integer program, we develop and apply a tailored solution approach that exploits the problem structure to generate tight bounds. We identify several classes of valid inequalities to strengthen the linear programming relaxation, establish polyhedral properties of these inequalities, and develop both a cutting‐plane method and a sequential rounding heuristic procedure. Extensive computational tests for realistic problems demonstrate that our integrated sourcing model and solution method are effective and can provide significant economic benefits. The integrated approach yields average savings of 7.5% in total procurement costs compared to autonomous divisional policies, and our algorithm generates near‐optimal solutions (within 0.75% of optimality) within reasonable computational time.     

利润质：企业经营目标新概念

在现有的经济学与管理学中,企业经营是以利润量的最大化为目标的,然而利润量并不是衡量企业管理水平与经营业绩的唯一指标,也难以反映企业对经济增长与福利改进的真实贡献。因此,我们有必要切入利润质这一新概念,并在此基础上构建一个能更真实地反映管理水平、经营业绩及发展前景的指标体系。     

Asking Price and Price Discounts: The Strategy of Selling an Asset Under Price Uncertainty

We consider fixed and asking price strategies in the context of selling an asset with Bernoullian updating of the seller’s subjective probability of sale at a given price. The determination of optimal fixed, asking and endogenous reservation prices is discussed under risk-neutrality and expected utility maximisation. With risk-neutrality, the optimal asking price exceeds the optimal fixed price when the expected gain is a strictly concave function. The seller’s choice between the fixed and the asking price strategies depends on several factors: the expected cost of haggling, price competition and the seller’s attitude towards risk.     

Inference Based on Order Statistics from the Generalized Pareto Distribution and Application

ABSTRACT

In this article, we derive exact explicit expressions for the single, double, triple, and quadruple moments of order statistics from the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). Also, we obtain the best linear unbiased estimates of the location and scale parameters (BLUE's) of the GPD. We then use these results to determine the mean, variance, and coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of certain linear functions of order statistics. These are then utilized to develop approximate confidence intervals for the generalized Pareto parameters using Edgeworth approximation and compare them with those based on Monte Carlo simulations. To show the usefulness of our results, we also present a numerical example. Finally, we give an application to real data.     

Exact Inference for the pth-Quantile and the Reliability of the Two-Parameter Exponential Distribution with Singly Type II Censoring: A Standard Approach

Starting from a standard pivot, exact inference for the pth-quantile and for the reliability of the two-parameter exponential distribution in case of singly Type II censored samples is developed in this article. Fernandez (2007 Fernandez , A. J. ( 2007 ). On calculating generalized confidence intervals for the two-parameter exponential reliability function . Statistics 41 : 129 – 135 .[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) first obtained some of the results proposed in this article, but, differently from what are proposed here, and developed his theory starting from a generalized pivot. An illustrative example shows that, with the expressions proposed in this article, it is also possible to overcome some shortcomings raising from the formulas by Fernandez (2007 Fernandez , A. J. ( 2007 ). On calculating generalized confidence intervals for the two-parameter exponential reliability function . Statistics 41 : 129 – 135 .[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Finally, a new expression for the moments of the pivot is obtained.     

Improved bootstrap confidence intervals in certain toxicological experiments

The bootstrap, the jackknife, and classical methods are compared through their confidence intervals for the proportion of affected fetuses in a common type of animal experiment. Specifically, suppose that for the ith of M pregnant animals, there are x _i affected fetuses out of n _i total in the litter. The conditional distribution of x _i given n _i is sometimes modeled as binomial (n _i p _i ), where p _i is a realization from some unknown continuous density. The p _i are not observable and it is of interest in some toxicological experiments to find confidence intervals for E(p). Theory suggests that the proposed parametric bootstrap should produce higher order agreement between the nominal and actual coverage than that exhibited by the usual nonparametric bootstrap. Some simulation results provide additional evidence of this superiority of the modified parametric bootstrap over the jack-knife and classical approaches. The proposed resampling is flexible enough to handle a more general model allowing correlation between p _i and n _i .