城市废弃物资源化共生网络脆弱性影响机制——基于SCP与CAS融合的分析视角

在内外因素的交互干扰下,城市废弃物资源化共生网络表现得格外脆弱,探寻其脆弱性的理论内涵、影响因素及其作用机制是开展脆弱性治理的前提。借鉴复杂系统脆弱性理论,从能力和绩效两个角度解析其理论内涵,指出系统脆弱性在能力上可以用敏感性、适应性和恢复力予以刻画,在绩效上表现为增值性不强、共享性不足和生态性不佳。通过梳理国内外研究文献,从共生单元、网络结构、共生机制、网络氛围和环境不确定性5个维度提炼出脆弱性影响因素;以网络动态能力为结合点,将SCP（Structure Conduct Performance）和CAS（Complexity Adaptive System）两种理论有机融合,构建一个以共生单元素质、网络结构特征、共生机制属性、政策有效性为外因变量,以网络动态能力为中介变量,以网络脆弱性为结果变量,以网络氛围和环境不确定性为调节变量的理论框架。未来可利用大样本调查方法对该理论框架进行实证检验,探讨城市废弃物资源化共生网络脆弱性的形成机理。     

地方政府行为与环境污染的空间面板分析

基于地方政府行为理论并提出地方政府行为对环境污染的影响假说,利用空间面板回归模型对1997--2009年中国29个省、市的面板数据进行实证研究。研究表明：地方政府的财政分权程度越大、寻租腐败程度越严重以及人均财政赤字水平程度越高,该地区的工业“三废”排放量也越大;工业的比重与工业“三废”的污染排放量成正比以及中国存在环境库兹涅茨曲线趋势的结论。     

Nuclear Risk Management on Stage: A Decision Analysis Perspective on the UK's Committee on Radioactive Waste Management

In 2003, the UK government set up a broad-based Committee on radioactive waste management (CoRWM) to look at the UK's policy on radioactive waste management with a view to jumpstarting a stalled policy process. The committee's brief was to come up with a set of recommendations that would protect the public and the environment, and be capable of inspiring public confidence. After consulting widely with the public and stakeholders, and drawing on advice from scientists and other experts, CoRWM arrived at a remarkably well-received set of recommendations. On the basis of our experiences of working on CoRWM's multi-criteria decision analysis of different management options, study of CoRWM documentation, and interviews with committee members, we describe the explicit and implicit principles that guided CoRWM. We also give an account of the process by which CoRWM arrived at its conclusions, covering four phases: framing, shortlisting, option assessment, and integration; and four cross-cutting activities: public and stakeholder engagement (PSE), science and engineering input, ethics and social science input, and learning from overseas practice. We finish by outlining some of the key developments in the UK's radioactive waste management process, which followed on from the publication of CoRWM's report, and present our reflections for the benefit of the risk and decision analysts of future committees that, like CoRWM, are charged with recommending to government on the management of technically complex and risky technologies, drawing on extensive public and stakeholder consultation.     

我国家庭废物回收的社会人口、心理机制研究

回收家庭废物对于节约资源和保护环境非常重要，通过构建我国家庭废物回收行为的综合解释模型，包括针对所有回收行为的社会人口变量解释模型和基于环保目的回收行为的环境知识、态度变量解释模型，对我国家庭废物回收行为进行了实证研究。研究表明，女性较男性、收入低的家庭较收入高的家庭、年龄大的人较年轻人、文化程度低的人较文化程度高的人更倾向于收集家庭废物，同时研究也表明，环境知识、后物质价值取向和集体主义价值观能够解释以节约资源和保护环境为目的的回收行为。     

Total System Performance Assessment for Waste Disposal Using a Logic Tree Approach

The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has sponsored the development of a model to assess the long-term, overall performance of the candidate spent fuel and high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal facility at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The model simulates the processes that lead to HLW container corrosion, HLW mobilization from the spent fuel, and transport by groundwater, and contaminated groundwater usage by future hypothetical individuals leading to radiation doses to those individuals. The model must incorporate a multitude of complex, coupled processes across a variety of technical disciplines. Furthermore, because of the very long time frames involved in the modeling effort (10⁴ years), the relative lack of directly applicable data, and many uncertainties and variabilities in those data, a probabilistic approach to model development was necessary. The developers of the model chose a logic tree approach to represent uncertainties in both conceptual models and model parameter values. The developers felt the logic tree approach was the most appropriate. This paper discusses the value and use of logic trees applied to assessing the uncertainties in HLW disposal, the components of the model, and a few of the results of that model. The paper concludes with a comparison of logic trees and Monte Carlo approaches.     

我国城市生活垃圾现状及处理技术研究

在介绍了我国城市生活垃圾面临的严峻形势的基础上,分析了当前我国城市生活垃圾处理的主要技术方法,指出了我国与发达国家在垃圾处理上存在的差距,最后介绍了未来垃圾处理技术的发展趋势,并提出了处理我国城市生活垃圾的建议。     

伴生放射性矿放射性污染现状及其防治管理对策

文章结合第一次全国伴生放射性污染源普查数据,对几种主要伴生放射性矿(磷酸盐、锆石、锌/铅、煤、钒、铝、铁、铜、稀土等)及其放射性核素情况展开分析。分析了伴生放射性矿在开采、开发过程中形成的放射性环境污染问题及现状。运用数据处理、图像统计对比等分析方法,探讨原矿/精矿与其固体废物的核素水平差异曲线,得出了不同伴生放射性矿中所含核素具有异质性,伴生放射性矿固体废物是引起放射性污染的重要原因等结论。在此基础上,对相关问题和目前防治措施的局限性进行探讨,提出建议,为我国核安全与放射性污染防治管理部门提供决策参考。     

国际大都市的辐射效应研究——法兰克福都市区发展案例

通过德国法兰克福都市区区位与现实空间的描述,在对其经济与产业机构进行分析的基础上,研究着重探讨了法兰克福作为国际金融中心的立体辐射效应、努力打造营商环境的创新发展效应以及会展中心对城市开放的国际化要素能量聚集效应,最后在研究结论中还对该城市辐射力的原动力做了概述。     

On Intergenerational Equity and Its Clash with Intragenerational Equity and on the Need for Policies to Guide the Regulation of Disposal of Wastes and Other Activities Posing Very Long-Term Risks

This article begins with some history of the derivation of 40 CFR Part 191, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard that governs the geologic disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level and transuranic radioactive wastes. This is followed by criticisms of the standard that were made by a Sub-Committee of the EPA Science Advisory Board, by the staff of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and by a panel of the National Academies of Science and Engineering. The large disparity in the EPA approaches to regulation of disposal of radioactive wastes and disposal of hazardous, long-lived, nonradioactive chemical waste is illustrated. An examination of the intertwined matters of intergenerational equity and the discounting of future health effects follows, together with a discussion of the conflict between intergenerational equity and intragenerational equity. Finally, issues related to assumptions in the regulations concerning the future state of society and the biosphere are treated, as is the absence of any national philosophy or guiding policy for how to deal with societal activities that pose very long-term risks.