The Pro‐Elderly Bias of Social Policies in Israel: A Historical‐Institutional Account

Accelerated population ageing and high voting turnout rates among elderly voters in recent decades have led many social scientists to predict increasing pro‐elderly biases in the social policies of mature welfare states. This article investigates and empirically estimates the evolving age orientation of social policies in Israel, which is a comparatively young society that has nevertheless aged significantly since independence in 1948. We present a historical and qualitative overview of the development of policy efforts towards different age groups and develop an Elderly/Non‐elderly Spending Ratio at four points in time between 1975 and 2005. We argue that in its first five decades, the Israeli welfare state uniquely combined a broadly universalistic and citizenship‐based outlook with a number of significant particularistic spending biases towards specific subgroups. But from the second half of the 1990s onwards, the pro‐elderly policy bias of the Israeli welfare state has strongly increased. These findings support Lynch's thesis for 21 OECD countries, which posits that a shift from a universal to a more occupationally based institutional model of welfare will result in a higher pro‐elderly bias of social spending.     

伪满洲国殖民教育特点及历史反思

近年日本右翼势力公开宣称日本在东北的殖民教育统治促进了“东北教育现代化”,这种“侵略有功论”抹煞了历史的真实,日本帝国主义在伪满洲国实施的文化教育是一种思想渗透和文化侵略,目的在于建立以日本文化为本位的殖民地文化,培养忠于日本侵略者的顺民和为其掠夺资源的劳动力,使中国永远成为日本侵略者的殖民地。它摧残了中国人民的民族意识和民族文化,造成了中国一段时期内文化教育的落后。反思这段历史留给我们深刻的思考。     

一种副载波复用OLS光分组产生方案

提出了一种采用三分支干涉型调制器来实现单边带副载波标签的光分组产生方案,通过理论分析和仿真实验表明该方案实现了副载波标签的单边带调制,克服了Mach-Zehnder调制器强度调制导致的副载波信号的非线性失真,但存在着净荷信号对副载波标签信号的强度调制。     

Bathroom Transformation: From Hygiene to Well-Being?

ABSTRACT

Western bathroom standards, which have long been dominated by ideas of hygiene, seem to be in the process of change. Whereas transformations of kitchens have been well studied, little attention has been directed towards the contemporary development of bathrooms. This article provides a case study of the transformation in design, use, and meaning of Danish bathrooms, drawing lines back in history but focusing mainly on current changes. The bathroom is seen as a complex arena where many different forces interact. The study applies the regime concept to organize the story and outlines the developments in physical frameworks, practices, and images. It is based on a combination of literature survey, review of magazine and media coverage, visits to exhibitions, and qualitative interviews. The article outlines changes in Danish bathrooms and analyzes how new trends appear in relation to actual bathroom renovations. In particular, the notion of well-being is highlighted as challenging existing hygiene ideas.     

The media and urban contention in China: a co-empowerment model

Since the 1990s, China has witnessed a rapid rise in urban contention, which has become increasingly apparent. This study proposes a co-empowerment model regarding the relationship between the Chinese media and contentious politics. It compares two recent cases of urban contention. On the one hand, protestors leverage media exposure to arouse public attention, organize action, and adjust their actions according to the information revealed by the media; on the other hand, the media are empowered to exploit the limited space in news coverage, protect their professional integrity, enhance their credibility, and develop close ties with the civil society. This mutually strengthening process is the most important feature of the co-empowerment model. The co-empowerment model influences the trajectories of contention and facilitates greater media autonomy in an authoritarian regime. This study's contribution is a thematic analysis of the co-empowering relationship between media and urban contention in illiberal states.     

Betwixt and between the market and the state: Israeli students' welfare attitudes in comparative perspective

Analysing comparable samples of students from the Cross-Cultural Variations in Distributive Justice Perception (CVDJP) project, we explore the multidimensionality of attitudes towards the welfare state in Israel compared with countries from liberal and social-democratic welfare regimes (the USA, Canada-Ontario, Sweden, Norway and The Netherlands). We derive six different attitudinal dimensions that constitute two distinct sets of opposing welfare ideological frames. The first set, market-based ideology, entails three coexisting criteria: individualism, internal attribution of inequality, and work ethic. The second set, welfare-statist ideology, entails three additional coexisting criteria: egalitarian redistribution, external attribution of inequality, and broad scope of welfare. Along with structural similarities, we find considerable variation in levels of aggregate attitudes across the different types of welfare regimes. Israeli respondents stand out because of their strongly ambivalent welfare attitudes. While scoring higher than respondents from the liberal regimes on market-based measures, they paradoxically record similarly high scores (comparable to social-democratic regimes) on state-based measures. On one criterion – attribution of inequality to external causes – Israeli respondents even score higher than respondents from both liberal and social-democratic regimes. We consider potential explanations for this ambivalence and suggest possible directions for further research.     

采用DDS+PLL技术实现S波段频率合成的一种方法

分析了现有的ＤＤＳ 与ＰＬＬ 混合电路方案实现频率合成的优缺点，提出了一种用ＤＤＳ 与ＰＬＬ 混合电路实现Ｓ 波段频率合成的新方法。给出了一个示例，并用ＣＡＤ 工具进行了仿真与优化     

论WTO体制与国际投资法的关系

WTO体制与国际投资法是分立的体制,有其特定的调整对象,两者不能相互取代;两者虽然在内容上有某种程度的连结、重叠或交叉,但并不足以否定两者在体制上的分立。当前应坚持将WTO体制的投资规范限于"与贸易有关"的范围,并注意避免WTO体制"与贸易有关"领域的过度扩张。     

基于贝叶斯机制转换协整模型的石油——股市非对称效应研究

传统门限机制转换模型存在参数估计最优化计算复杂以及参数不可识别的问题,本文构建双机制的贝叶斯门限机制转换协整模型研究国际石油价格与股市之间的非线性动态关系。利用八个亚太股票市场和国际石油价格的数据,结合MCMC抽样算法进行贝叶斯分析,着重考察国际石油—股市之间的非对称效应,结果发现国际石油价格与韩国、马来西亚股市之间具有门限机制转换的非线性协整关系,表明国际石油价格与韩国、马来西亚股市存在非对称效应,而国际石油价格与日本、澳大利亚、印度、印度尼西亚、台湾和新加坡股市之间没有非对称效应。进一步,格兰杰因果检验结果发现,国际石油价格与日本、澳大利亚、韩国、印度、马来西亚、印度尼西亚和新加坡股票价格指数之间存在双向格兰杰因果关系,而与台湾股票价格指数之间没有明显的格兰杰因果关系。