从数据垄断走向数据开放：数据成为必需设施的竞争法分析

数字经济下,数据发挥着越来越重要的作用,而拥有大量数据的支配企业却往往拒绝其他经营者对数据的访问,意图垄断数据资源。竞争法有必要通过必需设施规则,对支配企业拒绝访问的行为予以规制,实现数据开放,促进数据资源的流通、利用。结合必需设施规则的发展历程,必需设施规则在数字经济背景下的适用需要有严格的条件限制。这些条件包括:在经营者具有市场支配地位的前提条件下,首先数据需要构成必需设施,即数据是经营者参与市场竞争所必不可少的;其次,支配企业拒绝数据访问的行为所产生的消极效果明显大于积极效果;最后,支配企业拒绝数据访问不存在合理的理由。满足了上述条件后,支配企业才需要承担允许数据访问的义务。在此基础上,竞争法需要针对数据访问的具体要求以及其可能与个人数据保护法、知识产权法之间的关系进行细化,以使数据访问在实践中更具有操作性。具体而言,竞争法对数据访问的要求主要有三点:其一,其他经营者对数据的访问应当是公平的;其二,其他经营者对数据的访问应当是现实可行的;其三,其他经营者对数据进行访问需要支付合理的费用。在竞争法与个人数据保护法之间的关系上,一方面,个人数据保护法在一定程度上阻碍了其他经营者对数据的访问;另一方面,个人数据保护法与竞争法在价值上存在着统一性。在竞争法与知识产权法之间的关系上,大多数情况下,支配企业拒绝其他经营者对受到知识产权保护的数据的访问的行为是合法的,但是支配企业也需注意在合理的范围内行使权利,不得滥用知识产权限制数据访问的实施。在数字经济时代,我国有必要在反垄断法规范体系中纳入必需设施规则,同时在相关的法律规范和指南中对数据访问的具体内容进行设计,加强与个人数据保护、知识产权等相关法律规范的协调,实现数据访问的本土化建构,促进市场竞争,挖掘数据的巨大价值。     

数字图像多重水印及容量分析

利用CDMA系统多址复用的特点,提出了一种基于CDMA的多重水印算法,在小波变换域中同时嵌入多个水印。对多个原始水印进行卷积编码和交织编码后,采用Gold码组进行正交扩频,经CDMA编码的水印信息被叠加嵌入在除HH1以外的其他小波子带中。水印嵌入的幅值根据Watson小波域视觉感知模型确定。嵌入位置取决于一个PN序列随机发生器,检测时不需要原始图像。在此基础上对多重水印容量进行了分析,结果表明当嵌入两个水印时,其容量大于任何一个单一水印的容量,但小于两个单一水印容量之和。     

No Human Resource is an Island: Gendered,Racialized Access to Work as a Performer

This article explores the reproduction of gendered, racialized conceptions of age and appearance in structuring access to performing work. Analysis of this issue leads to discussion of a key supposition: that central work experiences of women performers are manifestations of their position as formal and informal proxies for women's experiences in wider society. Women performers are formal proxies in that they are employed to ‘be women’; to represent women for consumption in the circuit of culture. They are informal proxies in that they are allocated to highly segmented labour markets based on wider patterns of gendered, racialized social relations.     

基于指纹识别技术的网络式门禁系统设计

门禁系统的智能化是实现智能小区的重要一环。文中提出了基于指纹识别技术和CAN总线技术的小区门禁管理系统的设计方案和具体功能模块的实现方法，并介绍了系统中的指纹门禁单元和门禁主控制器的管理程序流程图。     

Health Issues of Homeless Youth

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of what is currently known about the health issues of homeless youth, focusing on risk-taking behaviors, health status, and access to care. The paper addresses the health issues of homeless youth in the U.S. within an international context. Existing data suggest that homeless adolescents exhibit high rates of risk-taking behaviors, face additional barriers to access of health care, and suffer from a high burden of poor health. However, most research on the health of homeless youth has been cross-sectional and has relied on convenience sampling. Future research should focus on conducting more methodologically rigorous studies on the specific health needs of homeless youth. Research should include eliciting information directly from the youth about their preferred health care interventions.     

学术博客——一种基于OA的新型学术交流模式

文章分析了学术博客的特点，指出学术博客是开放存取（OA）的一种重要的模式，介绍了目前学术博客的概况及学术博客信息的采集，并探讨了学术博客的发展面临的诸多问题。     

黑龙江省骨干教师远程培训模式研究与实践

以黑龙江省“国培计划”为例,探讨农村中小学骨干教师远程培训模式和特点。黑龙江省远程培训主要依托“继教网”展开,采取迁移式混合研修的模式,在培训效果方面取得了一定的成效。     

自动窗帘远程控制系统

针对目前自动窗帘需要通过按钮或遥控器且只能实现近程控制的现状,提出了一种以STM32F103芯片为核心, 结合Wi-Fi通信技术和互联网技术,能够简单有效地对自动窗帘进行远程控制的解决方案。方案采用模块化的设计思 路,重点分析了系统无线通信模块、继电器模块、按键模块、电源保护和电平转换模块的设计过程,介绍了系统的基本工 作原理和操作方法,设计了基于TCP通信协议的服务端和客户端软件以通过互联网或者个人移动设备实现窗帘的远程 控制。实际结果表明,该方案可以应用于家居或办公环境,具有稳定性高、操作简单等特点。     

论企业破产清算中劳动债权的优先权问题

在客观阐述物联网的概念和特征基础上,指出了物联网技术在工程机械行业的促进作用,并介绍了工程机械物联网的概念、关键技术、体系架构和应用。把物联网技术渗透到传统工程机械行业,使传统工程机械走进了“智能机器”时代,能实现工程机械的智能化识别、定位、跟踪、远程状态监测与故障诊断和信息管理。     

The Gendered State of Business: Gender,Enterprises and State in Israeli Society

Whether the state provides different entrepreneurial opportunities for women and men and how is an issue rarely discussed in the growing literature concerning gender and organizations. Integrating gender and organization literature with political theories of the state, this paper compares women's entrepreneurship in one setting (Israeli society) across two time periods: before and after the foundation of a sovereign state. Our analysis identifies three manifestations of the gendering state through which it moulds business opportunities of men and women entrepreneurs. We examine how these manifestations: the delegation of economic actors, managing interactions between individuals and institutions, and administering a bureaucracy, shape access to capital and the structure of networks. The article contributes to the existing scholarship by extending the understanding of direct and indirect influence of the state on the reproduction of the image of the ideal entrepreneur and on gender differences in entrepreneurial activity.