Ultraviolet radiation in urban ecosystems with consideration of effects on human health

Excess exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun, particularly the ultraviolet B (UVB), is cited as a cause or contributing factor for deleterious effects on human health, including skin cancers and cataracts. Rates of skin cancer have increased greatly in recent years, and increased UVB caused by reductions in stratospheric ozone may be responsible for some of the increase in rates, though quantified estimates of the effect of the UVB changes on health have low certainty. UVB exposure also affects the function of the immune system, and the potential resulting effects on infectious diseases and immunizations are a concern. Epidemiological considerations suggest that peoples' routine exposure to UV in urban areas can be significant in adverse health effects, particularly for young children. Projected trends of ozone indicate that agreements to limit ozone-depleting substances are slowing the UVB increase, but high levels will continue and apparently impact health to the middle of the current century. Urban trees greatly reduce ultraviolet irradiance in their shade when they obscure both the sun and sky. Where trees or other structures obscure only the sun, leaving much of the sky in view, UVB irradiance will be greater than suggested by the visible shade. Since air pollutants influence the UVB above the canopy, and the overlying atmosphere is usually more polluted in urban than rural areas, additional above-canopy monitoring of UV in urban areas is needed for comparison to existing rural monitoring sites. Such monitoring would facilitate the development of computer models of urban effects on UV, which are needed for epidemiological investigations, public education, and urban planning.     

论肤觉经验与审美创造性

人类的肤觉—躯体经验是人类自身创造的内在驱动力,是人类一切创造的原点。人类工具创造中包含着肤觉—躯体经验的审美创造因素,这些因素通过视觉化间接表现出来。甚至在思维领域的创造中,也潜在着一定的肤觉—躯体经验的象征因素。     

The Bleaching Syndrome Among People of Color

ABSTRACT

In the aftermath of mass migrations from Europe, most Americans have been of European descent, i.e., “white.” From said migration light skin evolved as the American ideal not irrelevant to people of color. Using a sample of African-American college freshmen, hypotheses were formulated to assess extent of the problem and by inference the Bleaching Syndrome. According to these data, there is a statistically significant relationship between self-identified skin color correlated with light skin providing evidence of the Bleaching Syndrome (the conscious awareness of the cognitive and attitudinal levels of the similarities and differences between the dominant group mainstream and dominated out-group to negate one's self for the purposes of assimilation). Those who study people of color are then challenged to decipher the maze of tradition and create a suitable climate for the study of human behavior in the social environment. In this they will accommodate social justice and an overall ability of diverse groups to assimilate.     

家具设计的材料肌理美

家具设计中材料肌理表现主要分为视觉肌理和触觉肌理,不同的材料具有不同的视觉肌理和触觉肌理表现效果。肌理是家具形态的外在表现形式之一。家具设计中运用不同材料的肌理效果可丰富家具形态,通过不同的表现手法使之或自然、温馨、质朴;或丰富、新奇、多变。充分表现家具设计中材料的肌理美。     

Current Versus Ideal Skin Tones and Tanning Behaviors in Caucasian College Women

Abstract. Objective: To explore tanning behaviors and whether a discrepancy between current and ideal skin tones exists. Participants: The sample included 78 Caucasian women from a mid-sized midwestern university. Methods: Data were collected in spring 2012 via a paper questionnaire. Results: Sixty-two percent of the sample regularly engaged in salon tanning at least once per week, with an average frequency of 2.5 visits per week. Thirteen percent endorsed regularly tanning 4 or more times per week, and 26% reported visiting a tanning bed more than once in a 24-hour period. Ninety-four percent wished their current skin tone was darker, and ideal tone was significantly darker than current tone. Conclusions: The data suggest that the young Caucasian women in this sample tend to be dissatisfied with their current skin tone to an extent that leads the majority of them to engage in risky, potentially cancer-causing behavior by either salon tanning or considering tanning in the future as time and finances become available.     

不同完井方式下水平井不稳定产能研究

随着钻完井技术的发展,采用水平井开发底水油藏成为提高产量、降低成本的有效途径,但是在生产过程中也暴露出日益严重的问题,主要为含水上升快、无水采收期短、完井方式不适应开发的需要和产能预测不准确等。在总结水平井产能预测模型的基础上,采用井筒与油藏耦合作用下的水平井不稳定产能预测数学模型,借鉴Cinco H等人求解有限导流垂直裂缝压裂井压力动态的计算方法,建立产能预测计算模型。该模型考虑底水驱油藏水平井情况,通过对不同完井方式下的表皮系数分解计算,开展了不同完井方式下的产能预测研究,这些研究结果对水平井完井方式优选和水平井油藏工程研究具有重要的指导意义。     

储层伤害试井评价新方法研究

针对传统储层伤害试井评价的污染带渗透率求取存在较大偏差，进而影响表皮系数准确分解的问题，建立了改进的麦金利图版试井分析新模型，利用拉普拉斯变换进行了求解，并编程绘制了新的分析理论图版（改进的麦金利图版），获得了新的拟合解释方法，可以非常准确地求取污染带渗透率。再利用Hawkins 公式，优化计算真表皮系数和污染半径，从而利用污染带渗透率、污染半径和真表皮系数进行储层伤害试井评价。最后，进行了实例分析，结果符合现场实际，为改善储层、采取措施提供了依据。     

肤觉比喻中的审美意识因素--肤觉经验与审美意识之二

躯体是当今哲学美学关注的焦点之一。人们的躯体-肤觉经验借助视觉化和思维向外扩展和延伸,在此基础之上形成的肤觉比喻具有具象的、情感的诗性内容,这一内容使得肤觉经验和肤觉比喻与自然美、形式美、优美、壮美有着一定的内在联系,在某些方面是这些审美范畴的形成根据之一。     

生态建筑观

生物学是自然科学之一,建筑学具有综合性和规划性的特点,是面向未来的设计。生物学与建筑学的关系需要认真地清理和分析,这是当前现实与实践所亟需的。建筑的生态环境问题比以前任何时候都更为急迫,事实上,环境问题是生物学中的重要问题。摩登建筑运动时代,建筑师最大的失误是对生物学的无知与困惑。     

Dermal Versus Total Uptake of Benzene from Mineral Spirits Solvent During Parts Washing

Quantitative approaches to assessing exposure to, and associated risk from, benzene in mineral spirits solvent (MSS), used widely in parts washing and degreasing operations, have focused primarily on the respiratory pathway. The dermal contribution to total benzene uptake from such operations remains uncertain because measuring in vivo experimental dermal uptake of this volatile human carcinogen is difficult. Unprotected dermal uptake involves simultaneous sustained immersion events and transient splash/wipe events, each yielding residues subject to evaporation as well as dermal uptake. A two‐process dermal exposure framework to assess dermal uptake to normal and damaged skin was applied to estimate potential daily dermal benzene dose (D_skin) to workers who used historical or current formulations of recycled MSS in manual parts washers. Measures of evaporation and absorption of MSS dermally applied to human subjects were modeled to estimate in vivo dermal uptake of benzene in MSS. Uncertainty and interindividual variability in D_skin was characterized by Monte Carlo simulation, conditioned on uncertainty and/or variability estimated for each model input. Dermal exposures are estimated to average 33% of total (inhalation + dermal) benzene parts washing dose, with approximately equal predicted portions of dermal dose due to splash/wipe and to continuous contact with MSS. The estimated median (95th percentile) dermal and total daily benzene doses from parts washing are: 0.0069 (0.024) and 0.025 (0.18) mg/day using current, and 0.027 (0.085) and 0.098 (0.69) mg/day using historical, MSS solvents, respectively.