企业改制与资产评估

企业改制是建立现代企业制度的必要途径。资产评估是企业改制中必不可少的重要环节。资产评估应明确评估目的、评估基准期、评估对象 ,掌握正确的评估方法和规范的评估程序。在企业改制中要特别注意设计稳妥的剥离方法 ,对非经营性资产和非经营性人员进行合理的剥离     

理工农医类大学设立人文社科类课程的重要意义

针对理工农医类大学在学生素质教育和创新能力培养中亟需解决的问题 ,分析论述了加强对学生人文社会科学教育的重要意义 ,提出了通过两课教学和设置辅修专业等措施来实现对学生加强人文社会科学教育的目的。     

罗贯中三题

从罗贯中创作的杂剧与小说相互比较、印证的角度 ,论证了罗贯中的社会理想是由君仁、臣贤、民乐等层面构成的三位一体的太平盛世安乐蓝图。从接受与创造二者关系的角度 ,论证了罗贯中写作《三国志演义》是多层面接受之集大成与万方为我用之新创造的辩证统一。从其创作过程所面对的各种矛盾的角度 ,论证了两把评价尺度的矛盾统一 ,忠义道德观念的冲突整合 ,意识与潜意识的表里互渗等方面的问题     

Potential exposures and risks from beryllium-containing products.

Beryllium is the strongest of the lightweight metals. Used primarily in military applications prior to the end of the Cold War, beryllium is finding new applications in many commercial products, including computers, telecommunication equipment, and consumer and automotive electronics. The use of beryllium in nondefense consumer applications is of concern because beryllium is toxic. Inhalation of beryllium dust or vapor causes a chronic lung disease in some individuals at concentrations as low as 0.01 microg/m3 in air. As beryllium enters wider commerce, it is prudent to ask what risks this might present to the general public and to workers downstream of the beryllium materials industry. We address this question by evaluating the potential for beryllium exposure from the manufacturing, use, recycle, and disposal of beryllium-containing products. Combining a market study with a qualitative exposure analysis, we determine which beryllium applications and life cycle phases have the largest exposure potential. Our analysis suggests that use and maintenance of the most common types of beryllium-containing products do not result in any obvious exposures of concern, and that maintenance activities result in greater exposures than product use. Product disposal has potential to present significant individual risks, but uncertainties concerning current and future routes of product disposal make it difficult to be definitive. Overall, additional exposure and dose-response data are needed to evaluate both the health significance of many exposure scenarios, and the adequacy of existing regulations to protect workers and the public. Although public exposures to beryllium and public awareness and concern regarding beryllium risks are currently low, beryllium risks have psychometric qualities that may lead to rapidly heightened public concern.     

What to Do at Low Doses: A Bounding Approach for Economic Analysis

To quantify the health benefits of environmental policies, economists generally require estimates of the reduced probability of illness or death. For policies that reduce exposure to carcinogenic substances, these estimates traditionally have been obtained through the linear extrapolation of experimental dose-response data to low-exposure scenarios as described in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (1986). In response to evolving scientific knowledge, EPA proposed revisions to the guidelines in 1996. Under the proposed revisions, dose-response relationships would not be estimated for carcinogens thought to exhibit nonlinear modes of action. Such a change in cancer-risk assessment methods and outputs will likely have serious consequences for how benefit-cost analyses of policies aimed at reducing cancer risks are conducted. Any tendency for reduced quantification of effects in environmental risk assessments, such as those contemplated in the revisions to EPA's cancer-risk assessment guidelines, impedes the ability of economic analysts to respond to increasing calls for benefit-cost analysis. This article examines the implications for benefit-cost analysis of carcinogenic exposures of the proposed changes to the 1986 Guidelines and proposes an approach for bounding dose-response relationships when no biologically based models are available. In spite of the more limited quantitative information provided in a carcinogen risk assessment under the proposed revisions to the guidelines, we argue that reasonable bounds on dose-response relationships can be estimated for low-level exposures to nonlinear carcinogens. This approach yields estimates of reduced illness for use in a benefit-cost analysis while incorporating evidence of nonlinearities in the dose-response relationship. As an illustration, the bounding approach is applied to the case of chloroform exposure.     

Racial differences in urban neighboring

Despite mixed expectations generated by existing theories and evidence, this analysis documents clear racial differences in urban neighboring behavior. Using data from a survey of Nashville, Tennessee, residents, we show that blacks interact with their neighbors more often than whites do, and in a greater variety of ways. The only noteworthy similarity between the two groups is the positive impact of neighboring on feelings of community affect. Overall, our results support the view that neighbor relations — like other kinds of informal participation — have helped blacks cope with constrained social opportunities and provided them with access to resources unavailable through formal institutional channels.Revised version of a paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, August 1989.     

社会资本与我国家族企业的发展

改革开放以来,我国家族企业迅速崛起。此现象按新古典经济学的理论无法解释,因为家族企业创业时既缺少物质资本,又缺少人力资本,也没有技术支持,甚至连存在的合法性都成问题。其实,经济增长不仅需要物质资本和人力资本,还需要社会资本。家族企业之所以在夹缝中突起,很大程度依靠其深厚的社会资本。但也要看到,如果社会资本不能应经济发展而提高,就可能走向反面,成为家族企业发展的障碍。     

析我国刑法第十三条之规定

犯罪概念 ,大致上可以分为形式概念、实质概念及混合概念。我国刑法第十三条规定的是犯罪的混合概念 ,这一混合概念存在着逻辑上的缺陷 ,欠缺明确性和可操作性。文章就如何更为科学地定义犯罪 ,完善我国刑法第十三条作了初步探讨     

冗员失业、社会负担与国有企业效率

影响国有企业效率的因素有很多,其中制度因素最为重要。而在传统的国有企业制度下,冗员失业和社会负担又是制约企业效率提高的关键。时至今日,这个问题仍是国有企业进行减员增效改革、实施战略性重组的最大障碍。从理论上研究冗员失业对企业效率的影响,并结合我国实际情况分析社会负担给国有企业造成的压力,以强化社会保障为突破口,提出解决冗员失业和社会负担问题、提高国有企业效率的具体对策。     

Dose-Response and Risk Assessment of Airborne Hexavalent Chromium and Lung Cancer Mortality

This study evaluates the dose-response relationship for inhalation exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and lung cancer mortality for workers of a chromate production facility, and provides estimates of the carcinogenic potency. The data were analyzed using relative risk and additive risk dose-response models implemented with both Poisson and Cox regression. Potential confounding by birth cohort and smoking prevalence were also assessed. Lifetime cumulative exposure and highest monthly exposure were the dose metrics evaluated. The estimated lifetime additional risk of lung cancer mortality associated with 45 years of occupational exposure to 1 microg/m3 Cr(VI) (occupational exposure unit risk) was 0.00205 (90%CI: 0.00134, 0.00291) for the relative risk model and 0.00216 (90%CI: 0.00143, 0.00302) for the additive risk model assuming a linear dose response for cumulative exposure with a five-year lag. Extrapolating these findings to a continuous (e.g., environmental) exposure scenario yielded an environmental unit risk of 0.00978 (90%CI: 0.00640, 0.0138) for the relative risk model [e.g., a cancer slope factor of 34 (mg/kg-day)-1] and 0.0125 (90%CI: 0.00833, 0.0175) for the additive risk model. The relative risk model is preferred because it is more consistent with the expected trend for lung cancer risk with age. Based on statistical tests for exposure-related trend, there was no statistically significant increased lung cancer risk below lifetime cumulative occupational exposures of 1.0 mg-yr/m3, and no excess risk for workers whose highest average monthly exposure did not exceed the current Permissible Exposure Limit (52 microg/m3). It is acknowledged that this study had limited power to detect increases at these low exposure levels. These cancer potency estimates are comparable to those developed by U.S. regulatory agencies and should be useful for assessing the potential cancer hazard associated with inhaled Cr(VI).